Subcutaneous tumor seeding after biopsy in gliomatosis cerebri.

We observed a patient with subcutaneous seeding from gliomatosis cerebri with a low-grade histopathology. A 33-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 presented with progressive headache, diplopia, dysphagia, and a rightward instability. On neurological examination dysarthria, gait ataxia, and left-sided central facial and hypoglossal palsies were determined. MRI of the brain demonstrated diffuse, infiltrative non-enhancing lesions in the pons, both cerebellar hemispheres, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the thalamus. A stereotactic biopsy demonstrated an astrocytoma WHO grade 2. These characteristics confirmed gliomatosis cerebri. Three months later, the patient presented with hydrocephalus and a subcutaneous swelling directly underneath the surgical scar. The subcutaneous swelling was removed and the hydrocephalus was treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Histopathological examination confirmed a subcutaneous manifestation of low-grade oligoastrocytoma. Gliomatosis cerebri with low-grade histology can seed subcutaneously.

Case report

A 33-year-old female with neurofibromatosis type 1 presented with progressive headache since one year. Daily nausea and vomiting progressed since six months. Diplopia, dysphagia, and right-ward instability were present since one month. On neurological examination dysarthria and gait ataxia were confirmed. Left-sided central facial and hypoglossal palsies were noted. She had diplopia, when looking to the right with a grade 1 nystagmus and a central hypesthesia of the right side of the face. Babinski’s sign and right-sided hyperreflexia were noted. An MRI of the brain demonstrated a diffuse infiltrative, non-enhancing lesion reaching from the pons to both cerebellar hemispheres, and extending to the basal ganglia and thalamus. This resulted in bilateral diffuse swelling of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. Additionally, there were manifestations around the right frontal lobe, the insula, amygdala, and the parahippocampal gyrus. These radiological characteristics were compatible with gliomatosis cerebri (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

The diffusely swollen mesencephalon, uncus and parahippocampal gyrus on FLAIR (A) and T2 MRI-sequences (B), as well as the absence of gadolinium enhancement (C and E) is compatible with the radiological criteria for gliomatosis cerebri. There is diffuse enlargement of the pons (D)

To establish a histopathological diagnosis, she had a frameless stereotactic needle biopsy of the right mesiotemporal region with a Sedan side cutting needle through a regular burrhole (Fig. 2). A total number of three biopsies at the same location were taken. The small dura opening was covered with a Novacol pad (Taureon, Rijswijk, The Netherlands), but left otherwise unclosed and unsealed. The skin and subcutaneous tissue, and temporal fascia were closed in layers.

Fig. 2

A needle biopsy was taken from tumor in the right mesiotemporal region (green tract)

The histopathological examination demonstrated irregular cells with a clear atypia of the GFAP positive staining cells (Fig. 3). Given the relative paucity of these cells and their diffuse spread throughout the biopsy, a diagnosis of gliomatosis of the astrocytic subtype (WHO grade 2) was made. Due to profound invasion, resulting in too extensive radiation fields, radiotherapy was refrained and temozolomide monotherapy was initiated. Her headaches improved with Dexamethasone. However, three months later, the headaches progressed, accompanied by a subcutaneous swelling at the incision, due to which the patient was unable to wear her glasses (Fig. 4). CT-imaging demonstrated triventricular hydrocephalus. In order to relief her headaches, she was given a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and the swelling was removed completely through a re-incision.

Fig. 3

Initial brain biopsy. The left hand panel shows hematoxilin–eosin-stained section of cortical tissue with slight increase in cellularity (objective ×2.5). The cells are somewhat irregular, as is better appreciated in the right hand panel, a GFAP staining for astrocytic cells (objective ×40), showing clear atypia of the positive-staining cells. Given the relative paucity of these cells and their diffuse spread throughout the biopsy a histopathological diagnosis of gliomatosis was made

Fig. 4

The subcutaneous lesion (blue arrow), in the biopsy tract is not continuous with the intracranial compartment. The hyperdensity in the pons is thought to be a tumor related bleeding, which was probably not biopsy related

Histopathological examination of the subcutaneous swelling demonstrated skin and subcutaneous tissue invaded by glial tumor, which was diagnosed to be oligoastrocytoma, as the sample was dominated by oligodendrocytes with a clear cytoplasm and slightly irregular nuclei, but also a component of large, multinucleated astrocytic cells, which were morphologically similar to the biopsy sample (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5

Resection specimen of skin and subcutaneous tissues. The inset in the top left hand corner shows a low-power view, showing epidermis and dermis. In the larger figure, the image is dominated by oligodendrocytes with a clear cytoplasm and slightly irregular nuclei; in addition, there is a component of large, multinucleated astrocytic cells, warranting the diagnosis of oligoastrocytoma in this specimen. Both figures are hematoxilin–eosin stained. (The inset is a ×1.25 objective, the large figure a ×40 objective)

After placement of the shunt, her headaches improved, but the intracranial tumor progressed clinically during temozolomide, which was subsequently stopped. Although, our patient was offered second line chemotherapy, she refused further treatment and died shortly after.

Discussion

Approximately 20% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 develop low-grade gliomas [1], but gliomatosis cerebri is rare, even in association with neurofibromatosis [2]. Gliomatosis cerebri is a glioma with a diffuse, usually astrocytic growth pattern, that widely invades the brain involving at least three cerebral lobes, and usually with bilateral involvement of the cerebral hemispheres, deep gray matter, brainstem or cerebellum [3]. Although, mitotic activity is generally low, and anaplastic characteristics, such as microvascular proliferation and necrosis are generally absent at presentation [4-6], its biologic behaviour corresponds to a WHO grade 3 tumor in the majority of cases [3].

Subcutaneous metastasis from gliomas are rare [7]. However, in high-grade glioma, remote cutaneous metastasis [8-10], or metastatic seeding through the stereotactic biopsy tract [11-14] have been reported. The presumed mechanism includes seeding of tumor cells during surgery [13], especially, when the biopsy tract was not included in the irradiated volume [14]. Seeding of tumor in the biopsy tract has not been reported in gliomatosis cerebri or low-grade glioma. Alternatively, the glioma grading may have been underestimated due to biopsy sampling error.

We postulate that in the presented case, tumor cells were spilled and implanted during removal of the needle, as the intra- and extracranial tumor components were not continuous on CT imaging and at visual inspection during removal of the lesion. Therefore our observation demonstrates that gliomatosis cerebri with low-grade histopathology has the potential to seed subcutaneously. This observation warrants several practical advises. First, close inspection for tumor fragments in the surgical field during biopsy seems to be required. Second, extensive rinsing of the surgical field may facilitate removal of tumor elements that cannot be detected by inspection. Third, tight dural sealing or closure to avoid secondary subcutaneous tumor spill is advisable.