Epithelial delamination and migration: lessons from Drosophila.

Metastasis is the most deadly phase of cancer progression, during which cells detach from their original niche to invade distant tissues, yet the biological processes underlying the spread of cancer are still poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides important insights in our understanding of how epithelial cells migrate from their original location and find their way into surrounding and distant tissues in the metastatic process. Here we review recent studies on the mechanisms of migration of embryonic haemocytes, the macrophage-like immuno-surveillance cells, during normal development and wound healing. We highlight the interesting finding that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been identified as the driving force for haemocyte chemotaxis. We also give a special emphasis to studies suggesting the concept that haemocytes, together with the tumor microenvironment, act as potential inducers of the epithelial de-lamination required for tumor invasion. We propose that cell delamination and migration could be uncoupled from loss of cell polarity via a tumor-related inflammatory response.