OBJECTIVES: Although differential exposure by socioeconomic position (SEP) to hazardous waste and lead is well demonstrated, there is less evidence for particulate air pollution (PM), which is associated with risk of death and illness. This study determined the relationship of ambient PM and SEP across several spatial scales. METHODS: Geographic information system-based, spatio-temporal models were used to predict PM in the Northeastern United States. Predicted concentrations were related to census tract SEP and racial composition using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Lower SEP was associated with small, significant increases in PM. Annual PM(10) decreased between 0.09 and 0.93 micrograms per cubic meter and PM(2.5) between 0.02 and 0.94 micrograms per cubic meter for interquartile range increases in income. Decrements in PM with SEP increased with spatial scale, indicating that between-city spatial gradients were greater than within-city differences. The PM-SEP relation in urban tracts was not substantially modified by racial composition. CONCLUSIONS: Lower compared with higher SEP populations were exposed to higher ambient PM in the Northeastern United States. Given the small percentage change in annual PM(2.5) and PM(10), SEP was not likely a major source of confounding in epidemiological studies of PM, especially those conducted within a single urban/metropolitan area.
OBJECTIVES: Although differential exposure by socioeconomic position (SEP) to hazardous waste and lead is well demonstrated, there is less evidence for particulate air pollution (PM), which is associated with risk of death and illness. This study determined the relationship of ambient PM and SEP across several spatial scales. METHODS: Geographic information system-based, spatio-temporal models were used to predict PM in the Northeastern United States. Predicted concentrations were related to census tract SEP and racial composition using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Lower SEP was associated with small, significant increases in PM. Annual PM(10) decreased between 0.09 and 0.93 micrograms per cubic meter and PM(2.5) between 0.02 and 0.94 micrograms per cubic meter for interquartile range increases in income. Decrements in PM with SEP increased with spatial scale, indicating that between-city spatial gradients were greater than within-city differences. The PM-SEP relation in urban tracts was not substantially modified by racial composition. CONCLUSIONS: Lower compared with higher SEP populations were exposed to higher ambient PM in the Northeastern United States. Given the small percentage change in annual PM(2.5) and PM(10), SEP was not likely a major source of confounding in epidemiological studies of PM, especially those conducted within a single urban/metropolitan area.
Authors: Nancy Krieger; Jarvis T Chen; Pamela D Waterman; Mah-Jabeen Soobader; S V Subramanian; Rosa Carson Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2002-09-01 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Nancy Krieger; Pamela D Waterman; Jarvis T Chen; Mah-Jabeen Soobader; S V Subramanian Journal: Public Health Rep Date: 2003 May-Jun Impact factor: 2.792
Authors: D Krewski; R T Burnett; M Goldberg; K Hoover; J Siemiatycki; M Abrahamowicz; P J Villeneuve; W White Journal: Inhal Toxicol Date: 2005 Jun-Jul Impact factor: 2.724
Authors: Jeff D Yanosky; Christopher J Paciorek; Joel Schwartz; Francine Laden; Robin Puett; Helen H Suh Journal: Atmos Environ (1994) Date: 2008-06-01 Impact factor: 4.798
Authors: Marie S O'Neill; Michael Jerrett; Ichiro Kawachi; Jonathan I Levy; Aaron J Cohen; Nelson Gouveia; Paul Wilkinson; Tony Fletcher; Luis Cifuentes; Joel Schwartz Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2003-12 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: T Suvendrini Lena; Victor Ochieng; Majora Carter; José Holguín-Veras; Patrick L Kinney Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2002-10 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Elissa H Wilker; Sarah R Preis; Alexa S Beiser; Philip A Wolf; Rhoda Au; Itai Kloog; Wenyuan Li; Joel Schwartz; Petros Koutrakis; Charles DeCarli; Sudha Seshadri; Murray A Mittleman Journal: Stroke Date: 2015-05 Impact factor: 7.914
Authors: Elissa H Wilker; Petter L Ljungman; Mary B Rice; Itai Kloog; Joel Schwartz; Diane R Gold; Petros Koutrakis; Joseph A Vita; Gary F Mitchell; Ramachandran S Vasan; Emelia J Benjamin; Naomi M Hamburg; Murray A Mittleman Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2014-04-01 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Miranda R Jones; Ana V Diez-Roux; Anjum Hajat; Kiarri N Kershaw; Marie S O'Neill; Eliseo Guallar; Wendy S Post; Joel D Kaufman; Ana Navas-Acien Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2014-09-11 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Alexandra Larsen; Viktoria Kolpacoff; Kara McCormack; Victoria Seewaldt; Terry Hyslop Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2020-08-20 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Jaime Madrigano; Itai Kloog; Robert Goldberg; Brent A Coull; Murray A Mittleman; Joel Schwartz Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2012-11-29 Impact factor: 9.031