D-galactose induces necroptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cell lines.

D-Galactose (D-gal) can induce oxidative stress in non-cancer cells and result in cell damage by disturbing glucose metabolism. However, the effect of D-gal on cancer cells is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of D-gal to malignant cells specifically neuroblastoma cells. As the results, high concentrations of D-gal had significant toxicity to cancer cells, whereas the same concentrations of glucose had no; the viability loss via D-gal treatment was prominent to malignant cells (Neuro2a, SH-SY5Y, PC-3, and HepG2) comparing to non-malignant cells (NIH3T3 and LO(2)). Differing from the apoptosis induced by H(2) O(2), D-gal damaged cells showed the characters of necrotic cell death, such as trypan blue-tangible and early phase LDH leakage. Further experiments displayed that the toxic effect of D-gal can be alleviated by necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin (Nec-1) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) but not by caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. D-Gal treatment can transcriptionally up-regulate the genes relevant to necroptosis (Bmf, Bnip3) and autophagy (Atg5, TIGAR) but not the genes related to apoptosis (Caspase3, Bax, and p53). D-Gal did not activate Caspase-3, but prompted puncta-like GFP-LC3 distribution, an indicator for activated autophagy. The involvement of aldose reductase (AR)-mediated polyol pathway was proved because the inhibitor of AR can attenuate the toxicity of D-gal and D-gal treatment elevates the expression of AR. This study demonstrates for the first time that D-gal can induce non-apoptotic but necroptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cells and provides a new clue for developing the strategy against apoptosis-resistant cancers.