Heart failure associated with sunitinib: lessons learned from animal models.

Sunitinib is a highly potent, multitargeted anticancer agent. However, there is growing clinical evidence that sunitinib induces cardiac dysfunction. Disruption of multiple signaling pathways, which are important in the maintenance of adult cardiac function, is likely to result in cardiovascular toxicity. Basic and translational evidence implicates a potential role for specific growth factor signaling pathways. This review discusses the relevant translational data from animal models of heart failure, focusing on three key pathways that are inhibited by sunitinib: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3. We hypothesize that disruption of these pathways by sunitinib results in cardiotoxicity, and present direct and indirect evidence to support the notion that sunitinib-induced cardiac dysfunction likely involves a variety of molecular mechanisms that are critical for cardiac homeostasis.