| Literature DB >> 21754082 |
Muhammad Ilyas Tariq, Muhammad Jameel, M Nawaz Tahir, Toqir Ali, Muhammad Rizwan.
Abstract
In the title compound, C(15)H(10)Cl(2)N(4)O(8), the methyl-acetate and dichloro-anilinic groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 57.73 (8) and 62.44 (4)°, respectively to the dinitro-sustituted benzene ring. S(5) and S(7) rings are formed due to intra-molecular N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, respectively. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into C(8) chains along the a axis. Further C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these chains in pairs, forming a polymeric network.Entities:
Year: 2011 PMID: 21754082 PMCID: PMC3100048 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811007720
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| C15H10Cl2N4O8 | |
| Monoclinic, | Mo |
| Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 2621 reflections |
| θ = 2.4–25.2° | |
| µ = 0.42 mm−1 | |
| β = 94.543 (1)° | Prism, yellow |
| 0.30 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm | |
| Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3203 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2621 reflections with |
| graphite | |
| Detector resolution: 8.10 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.2°, θmin = 2.4° |
| ω scans | |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan ( | |
| 12379 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites | |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| 3203 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
| 263 parameters | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.21 e Å−3 |
| Geometry. Bond distances, angles |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| Cl1 | 1.08890 (6) | 0.09167 (6) | 0.11740 (2) | 0.0457 (2) | |
| Cl2 | 0.70818 (6) | 0.50170 (6) | 0.02516 (3) | 0.0510 (2) | |
| O1 | 0.98208 (16) | 0.41699 (17) | 0.33608 (6) | 0.0511 (5) | |
| O2 | 0.95143 (18) | 0.24847 (18) | 0.26208 (7) | 0.0584 (6) | |
| O3 | 0.26958 (18) | 0.4702 (2) | 0.25979 (8) | 0.0771 (7) | |
| O4 | 0.17334 (16) | 0.40470 (18) | 0.16740 (8) | 0.0596 (6) | |
| O5 | 0.4754 (2) | 0.1723 (2) | 0.02287 (9) | 0.0864 (8) | |
| O6 | 0.68940 (18) | 0.09329 (18) | 0.06051 (8) | 0.0640 (6) | |
| O7 | 1.1745 (2) | 0.1899 (2) | −0.12328 (8) | 0.0830 (8) | |
| O8 | 0.9727 (2) | 0.2898 (2) | −0.16374 (8) | 0.0793 (7) | |
| N1 | 0.28053 (19) | 0.4219 (2) | 0.20692 (8) | 0.0464 (6) | |
| N2 | 0.5835 (2) | 0.1715 (2) | 0.06248 (8) | 0.0493 (6) | |
| N3 | 0.85497 (16) | 0.30502 (18) | 0.12926 (7) | 0.0364 (5) | |
| N4 | 1.0551 (3) | 0.2455 (2) | −0.11838 (9) | 0.0558 (7) | |
| C1 | 1.0795 (3) | 0.3245 (3) | 0.37513 (11) | 0.0741 (10) | |
| C2 | 0.9253 (2) | 0.3648 (2) | 0.28064 (9) | 0.0394 (6) | |
| C3 | 0.8298 (2) | 0.4690 (2) | 0.24288 (9) | 0.0386 (6) | |
| C4 | 0.6961 (2) | 0.4044 (2) | 0.20505 (8) | 0.0324 (6) | |
| C5 | 0.5548 (2) | 0.4308 (2) | 0.22451 (8) | 0.0359 (6) | |
| C6 | 0.4294 (2) | 0.3837 (2) | 0.18818 (9) | 0.0370 (6) | |
| C7 | 0.4395 (2) | 0.3036 (2) | 0.13420 (9) | 0.0390 (6) | |
| C8 | 0.5803 (2) | 0.2706 (2) | 0.11649 (8) | 0.0355 (6) | |
| C9 | 0.7113 (2) | 0.3240 (2) | 0.14891 (8) | 0.0323 (6) | |
| C10 | 0.89884 (18) | 0.29106 (19) | 0.06728 (8) | 0.0311 (6) | |
| C11 | 1.0138 (2) | 0.1965 (2) | 0.05521 (8) | 0.0335 (6) | |
| C12 | 1.0680 (2) | 0.1815 (2) | −0.00449 (9) | 0.0390 (6) | |
| C13 | 1.0017 (2) | 0.2607 (2) | −0.05380 (9) | 0.0401 (6) | |
| C14 | 0.8891 (2) | 0.3552 (2) | −0.04567 (9) | 0.0405 (6) | |
| C15 | 0.8406 (2) | 0.3721 (2) | 0.01525 (9) | 0.0349 (6) | |
| H1A | 1.16058 | 0.29428 | 0.35099 | 0.1113* | |
| H1B | 1.02377 | 0.24412 | 0.38749 | 0.1113* | |
| H1C | 1.11902 | 0.37378 | 0.41285 | 0.1113* | |
| H3 | 0.92590 | 0.30151 | 0.15948 | 0.0437* | |
| H3A | 0.89071 | 0.51725 | 0.21342 | 0.0463* | |
| H3B | 0.79442 | 0.53856 | 0.27206 | 0.0463* | |
| H5 | 0.54429 | 0.48046 | 0.26222 | 0.0431* | |
| H7 | 0.35387 | 0.27246 | 0.11024 | 0.0468* | |
| H12 | 1.14625 | 0.12025 | −0.01101 | 0.0467* | |
| H14 | 0.84630 | 0.40681 | −0.08021 | 0.0486* |
| Cl1 | 0.0452 (3) | 0.0477 (3) | 0.0442 (3) | 0.0062 (2) | 0.0037 (2) | 0.0042 (2) |
| Cl2 | 0.0435 (3) | 0.0509 (3) | 0.0595 (3) | 0.0093 (3) | 0.0095 (2) | 0.0098 (3) |
| O1 | 0.0441 (8) | 0.0722 (11) | 0.0363 (7) | 0.0005 (8) | −0.0018 (6) | −0.0081 (7) |
| O2 | 0.0741 (11) | 0.0503 (10) | 0.0485 (8) | 0.0103 (9) | −0.0089 (8) | −0.0039 (8) |
| O3 | 0.0464 (9) | 0.1287 (17) | 0.0585 (10) | 0.0024 (10) | 0.0180 (8) | −0.0339 (11) |
| O4 | 0.0325 (8) | 0.0785 (12) | 0.0673 (10) | 0.0005 (8) | 0.0002 (8) | −0.0077 (9) |
| O5 | 0.0771 (13) | 0.1165 (18) | 0.0626 (11) | 0.0001 (12) | −0.0136 (10) | −0.0434 (11) |
| O6 | 0.0528 (10) | 0.0583 (11) | 0.0839 (12) | −0.0101 (9) | 0.0249 (9) | −0.0285 (9) |
| O7 | 0.0786 (13) | 0.1118 (17) | 0.0639 (11) | 0.0109 (12) | 0.0382 (10) | −0.0111 (11) |
| O8 | 0.1126 (15) | 0.0877 (14) | 0.0393 (9) | 0.0031 (12) | 0.0171 (10) | 0.0061 (9) |
| N1 | 0.0326 (9) | 0.0602 (12) | 0.0473 (10) | −0.0025 (9) | 0.0089 (8) | −0.0034 (9) |
| N2 | 0.0468 (11) | 0.0589 (12) | 0.0435 (10) | −0.0166 (10) | 0.0120 (9) | −0.0141 (9) |
| N3 | 0.0262 (8) | 0.0550 (11) | 0.0281 (7) | 0.0000 (8) | 0.0027 (6) | −0.0051 (7) |
| N4 | 0.0721 (14) | 0.0566 (12) | 0.0411 (10) | −0.0122 (11) | 0.0205 (10) | −0.0053 (9) |
| C1 | 0.0701 (17) | 0.106 (2) | 0.0435 (12) | 0.0062 (16) | −0.0119 (12) | 0.0126 (14) |
| C2 | 0.0332 (10) | 0.0520 (14) | 0.0332 (9) | −0.0056 (10) | 0.0042 (8) | −0.0031 (9) |
| C3 | 0.0344 (10) | 0.0408 (12) | 0.0402 (10) | −0.0034 (9) | 0.0005 (8) | −0.0073 (9) |
| C4 | 0.0311 (9) | 0.0352 (11) | 0.0307 (9) | −0.0019 (8) | 0.0019 (7) | 0.0002 (8) |
| C5 | 0.0366 (10) | 0.0416 (12) | 0.0301 (9) | −0.0008 (9) | 0.0058 (8) | −0.0036 (8) |
| C6 | 0.0296 (10) | 0.0465 (12) | 0.0360 (9) | −0.0010 (9) | 0.0088 (8) | 0.0014 (9) |
| C7 | 0.0296 (10) | 0.0503 (13) | 0.0369 (10) | −0.0091 (9) | 0.0024 (8) | −0.0027 (9) |
| C8 | 0.0365 (10) | 0.0392 (11) | 0.0312 (9) | −0.0067 (9) | 0.0056 (8) | −0.0054 (8) |
| C9 | 0.0302 (9) | 0.0364 (11) | 0.0307 (9) | −0.0017 (8) | 0.0057 (7) | 0.0017 (8) |
| C10 | 0.0251 (9) | 0.0366 (11) | 0.0318 (9) | −0.0075 (8) | 0.0038 (7) | −0.0047 (8) |
| C11 | 0.0308 (9) | 0.0350 (11) | 0.0347 (9) | −0.0049 (8) | 0.0031 (8) | −0.0017 (8) |
| C12 | 0.0364 (10) | 0.0391 (12) | 0.0428 (10) | −0.0043 (9) | 0.0121 (8) | −0.0066 (9) |
| C13 | 0.0447 (11) | 0.0428 (12) | 0.0343 (10) | −0.0128 (10) | 0.0127 (9) | −0.0050 (9) |
| C14 | 0.0434 (11) | 0.0449 (12) | 0.0330 (9) | −0.0114 (10) | 0.0015 (8) | 0.0038 (9) |
| C15 | 0.0293 (9) | 0.0364 (11) | 0.0391 (10) | −0.0059 (8) | 0.0032 (8) | −0.0012 (8) |
| Cl1—C11 | 1.7312 (18) | C4—C9 | 1.416 (2) |
| Cl2—C15 | 1.7341 (19) | C5—C6 | 1.379 (3) |
| O1—C1 | 1.445 (3) | C6—C7 | 1.370 (3) |
| O1—C2 | 1.324 (2) | C7—C8 | 1.378 (3) |
| O2—C2 | 1.202 (3) | C8—C9 | 1.402 (3) |
| O3—N1 | 1.208 (2) | C10—C15 | 1.399 (3) |
| O4—N1 | 1.226 (2) | C10—C11 | 1.405 (3) |
| O5—N2 | 1.223 (3) | C11—C12 | 1.381 (3) |
| O6—N2 | 1.208 (2) | C12—C13 | 1.373 (3) |
| O7—N4 | 1.204 (3) | C13—C14 | 1.371 (3) |
| O8—N4 | 1.229 (3) | C14—C15 | 1.387 (3) |
| N1—C6 | 1.464 (2) | C1—H1A | 0.9600 |
| N2—C8 | 1.473 (3) | C1—H1B | 0.9600 |
| N3—C9 | 1.393 (2) | C1—H1C | 0.9600 |
| N3—C10 | 1.389 (2) | C3—H3A | 0.9700 |
| N4—C13 | 1.474 (3) | C3—H3B | 0.9700 |
| N3—H3 | 0.8600 | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
| C2—C3 | 1.493 (3) | C7—H7 | 0.9300 |
| C3—C4 | 1.512 (3) | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
| C4—C5 | 1.382 (3) | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
| Cl1···O4i | 3.2255 (18) | N3···Cl2 | 3.0833 (17) |
| Cl1···N3 | 2.9408 (17) | N3···O2 | 2.891 (2) |
| Cl1···N4ii | 3.457 (2) | N3···O4i | 3.049 (2) |
| Cl1···O3iii | 3.0019 (18) | N3···O6 | 2.825 (2) |
| Cl2···C8 | 3.1830 (19) | N3···N2 | 2.988 (2) |
| Cl2···N3 | 3.0833 (17) | N3···C2 | 3.227 (2) |
| Cl2···C9 | 3.0877 (19) | N4···Cl1ii | 3.457 (2) |
| Cl2···N2 | 3.443 (2) | N3···H3A | 2.6800 |
| Cl2···C13iv | 3.4592 (19) | C1···O3i | 3.358 (3) |
| Cl1···H3 | 2.6600 | C1···O5xi | 3.295 (3) |
| Cl1···H7i | 2.9400 | C1···C14xi | 3.552 (3) |
| Cl1···H5iii | 3.0600 | C2···O3i | 3.303 (2) |
| O1···O3i | 3.174 (2) | C2···O4i | 3.392 (2) |
| O1···O6v | 3.219 (2) | C2···N3 | 3.227 (2) |
| O1···O7vi | 3.116 (2) | C2···O7vi | 3.171 (3) |
| O2···N3 | 2.891 (2) | C3···O8iv | 3.404 (3) |
| O2···C9 | 3.150 (2) | C5···O8vi | 3.266 (3) |
| O2···C5iii | 3.036 (3) | C5···O2v | 3.036 (3) |
| O3···Cl1v | 3.0019 (18) | C8···C15 | 3.409 (3) |
| O3···O1vii | 3.174 (2) | C8···Cl2 | 3.1830 (19) |
| O3···C2vii | 3.303 (2) | C9···O2 | 3.150 (2) |
| O3···C1vii | 3.358 (3) | C9···Cl2 | 3.0877 (19) |
| O4···Cl1vii | 3.2255 (18) | C10···O4i | 3.282 (2) |
| O4···O8viii | 3.185 (3) | C10···N2 | 3.038 (2) |
| O4···C11vii | 3.306 (2) | C10···O6 | 2.652 (2) |
| O4···C10vii | 3.282 (2) | C11···O6 | 3.076 (2) |
| O4···N3vii | 3.049 (2) | C11···O4i | 3.306 (2) |
| O4···C2vii | 3.392 (2) | C13···Cl2iv | 3.4592 (19) |
| O5···C1ix | 3.295 (3) | C14···C1ix | 3.552 (3) |
| O6···C10 | 2.652 (2) | C14···C15iv | 3.570 (3) |
| O6···N3 | 2.825 (2) | C15···O6 | 3.157 (3) |
| O6···O1iii | 3.219 (2) | C15···C8 | 3.409 (3) |
| O6···C11 | 3.076 (2) | C15···C14iv | 3.570 (3) |
| O6···C15 | 3.157 (3) | C15···N2 | 3.205 (3) |
| O6···O7ii | 3.195 (3) | C2···H3 | 2.6000 |
| O7···O1x | 3.116 (2) | C3···H3 | 2.5600 |
| O7···C2x | 3.171 (3) | H1A···O2 | 2.5700 |
| O7···O6ii | 3.195 (3) | H1A···O3i | 2.7700 |
| O8···C5x | 3.266 (3) | H1B···O2 | 2.6500 |
| O8···C3iv | 3.404 (3) | H1C···O5xi | 2.7600 |
| O8···O4viii | 3.185 (3) | H3···Cl1 | 2.6600 |
| O2···H1B | 2.6500 | H3···O2 | 2.2000 |
| O2···H1A | 2.5700 | H3···O4i | 2.4200 |
| O2···H5iii | 2.6000 | H3···C2 | 2.6000 |
| O2···H3 | 2.2000 | H3···C3 | 2.5600 |
| O3···H5 | 2.4600 | H3···H3A | 2.3700 |
| O3···H1Avii | 2.7700 | H3A···N3 | 2.6800 |
| O4···H7 | 2.4300 | H3A···H3 | 2.3700 |
| O4···H14viii | 2.5500 | H3A···O8iv | 2.4800 |
| O4···H3vii | 2.4200 | H3B···H5 | 2.3000 |
| O5···H1Cix | 2.7600 | H5···O3 | 2.4600 |
| O5···H7 | 2.4000 | H5···H3B | 2.3000 |
| O6···H12ii | 2.7600 | H5···Cl1v | 3.0600 |
| O7···H12 | 2.4700 | H5···O2v | 2.6000 |
| O8···H14 | 2.4200 | H7···Cl1vii | 2.9400 |
| O8···H3Aiv | 2.4800 | H7···O4 | 2.4300 |
| N2···Cl2 | 3.443 (2) | H7···O5 | 2.4000 |
| N2···N3 | 2.988 (2) | H12···O7 | 2.4700 |
| N2···C10 | 3.038 (2) | H12···O6ii | 2.7600 |
| N2···C15 | 3.205 (3) | H14···O8 | 2.4200 |
| N3···Cl1 | 2.9408 (17) | H14···O4viii | 2.5500 |
| C1—O1—C2 | 116.01 (17) | N3—C10—C15 | 123.80 (16) |
| O3—N1—O4 | 123.43 (18) | N3—C10—C11 | 119.60 (15) |
| O3—N1—C6 | 118.72 (17) | Cl1—C11—C10 | 118.72 (13) |
| O4—N1—C6 | 117.84 (16) | Cl1—C11—C12 | 118.37 (14) |
| O5—N2—O6 | 124.19 (19) | C10—C11—C12 | 122.90 (16) |
| O5—N2—C8 | 116.90 (18) | C11—C12—C13 | 117.34 (17) |
| O6—N2—C8 | 118.89 (17) | C12—C13—C14 | 123.03 (18) |
| C9—N3—C10 | 128.55 (14) | N4—C13—C12 | 118.75 (17) |
| O7—N4—O8 | 124.6 (2) | N4—C13—C14 | 118.21 (17) |
| O7—N4—C13 | 118.38 (19) | C13—C14—C15 | 118.46 (17) |
| O8—N4—C13 | 117.0 (2) | C10—C15—C14 | 121.67 (17) |
| C9—N3—H3 | 116.00 | Cl2—C15—C10 | 121.00 (14) |
| C10—N3—H3 | 116.00 | Cl2—C15—C14 | 117.31 (14) |
| O1—C2—O2 | 123.82 (18) | O1—C1—H1A | 109.00 |
| O2—C2—C3 | 123.97 (17) | O1—C1—H1B | 109.00 |
| O1—C2—C3 | 112.18 (16) | O1—C1—H1C | 109.00 |
| C2—C3—C4 | 113.77 (16) | H1A—C1—H1B | 109.00 |
| C3—C4—C9 | 121.92 (16) | H1A—C1—H1C | 109.00 |
| C5—C4—C9 | 119.48 (16) | H1B—C1—H1C | 109.00 |
| C3—C4—C5 | 118.53 (16) | C2—C3—H3A | 109.00 |
| C4—C5—C6 | 120.21 (16) | C2—C3—H3B | 109.00 |
| N1—C6—C7 | 118.62 (16) | C4—C3—H3A | 109.00 |
| N1—C6—C5 | 119.38 (16) | C4—C3—H3B | 109.00 |
| C5—C6—C7 | 122.00 (17) | H3A—C3—H3B | 108.00 |
| C6—C7—C8 | 117.99 (17) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
| N2—C8—C9 | 122.40 (16) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
| N2—C8—C7 | 115.18 (16) | C6—C7—H7 | 121.00 |
| C7—C8—C9 | 122.39 (17) | C8—C7—H7 | 121.00 |
| N3—C9—C8 | 124.56 (16) | C11—C12—H12 | 121.00 |
| N3—C9—C4 | 117.77 (16) | C13—C12—H12 | 121.00 |
| C4—C9—C8 | 117.67 (16) | C13—C14—H14 | 121.00 |
| C11—C10—C15 | 116.51 (15) | C15—C14—H14 | 121.00 |
| C1—O1—C2—O2 | −0.5 (3) | C5—C4—C9—C8 | −2.0 (3) |
| C1—O1—C2—C3 | −178.39 (17) | C4—C5—C6—N1 | −175.34 (17) |
| O3—N1—C6—C5 | −14.0 (3) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 3.6 (3) |
| O3—N1—C6—C7 | 166.96 (19) | N1—C6—C7—C8 | 178.84 (17) |
| O4—N1—C6—C5 | 164.98 (19) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | −0.1 (3) |
| O4—N1—C6—C7 | −14.0 (3) | C6—C7—C8—N2 | 173.43 (17) |
| O5—N2—C8—C7 | 29.3 (3) | C6—C7—C8—C9 | −4.6 (3) |
| O5—N2—C8—C9 | −152.72 (19) | N2—C8—C9—N3 | 8.6 (3) |
| O6—N2—C8—C7 | −149.23 (19) | N2—C8—C9—C4 | −172.25 (17) |
| O6—N2—C8—C9 | 28.8 (3) | C7—C8—C9—N3 | −173.48 (18) |
| C10—N3—C9—C4 | −147.95 (19) | C7—C8—C9—C4 | 5.6 (3) |
| C10—N3—C9—C8 | 31.2 (3) | N3—C10—C11—Cl1 | 4.2 (2) |
| C9—N3—C10—C11 | −141.91 (19) | N3—C10—C11—C12 | −177.02 (17) |
| C9—N3—C10—C15 | 41.7 (3) | C15—C10—C11—Cl1 | −179.21 (14) |
| O7—N4—C13—C12 | −16.4 (3) | C15—C10—C11—C12 | −0.4 (3) |
| O7—N4—C13—C14 | 162.6 (2) | N3—C10—C15—Cl2 | 1.3 (3) |
| O8—N4—C13—C12 | 162.84 (19) | N3—C10—C15—C14 | 179.35 (17) |
| O8—N4—C13—C14 | −18.1 (3) | C11—C10—C15—Cl2 | −175.21 (14) |
| O1—C2—C3—C4 | −144.61 (16) | C11—C10—C15—C14 | 2.9 (3) |
| O2—C2—C3—C4 | 37.5 (3) | Cl1—C11—C12—C13 | 176.86 (14) |
| C2—C3—C4—C5 | 109.8 (2) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | −2.0 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C9 | −73.4 (2) | C11—C12—C13—N4 | −178.98 (18) |
| C3—C4—C5—C6 | 174.51 (17) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | 2.0 (3) |
| C9—C4—C5—C6 | −2.4 (3) | N4—C13—C14—C15 | −178.66 (18) |
| C3—C4—C9—N3 | 0.3 (3) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | 0.4 (3) |
| C3—C4—C9—C8 | −178.85 (17) | C13—C14—C15—Cl2 | 175.25 (14) |
| C5—C4—C9—N3 | 177.16 (17) | C13—C14—C15—C10 | −2.9 (3) |
| H··· | ||||
| N3—H3···Cl1 | 0.86 | 2.66 | 2.9408 (17) | 100 |
| N3—H3···O2 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.891 (2) | 138 |
| N3—H3···O4i | 0.86 | 2.42 | 3.049 (2) | 131 |
| C3—H3A···O8iv | 0.97 | 2.48 | 3.404 (3) | 160 |
| C14—H14···O4viii | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.431 (3) | 158 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N3—H3⋯Cl1 | 0.86 | 2.66 | 2.9408 (17) | 100 |
| N3—H3⋯O2 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.891 (2) | 138 |
| N3—H3⋯O4i | 0.86 | 2.42 | 3.049 (2) | 131 |
| C3—H3 | 0.97 | 2.48 | 3.404 (3) | 160 |
| C14—H14⋯O4iii | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.431 (3) | 158 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .