Apoptosis in heart failure. -The role of the β-adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling pathway and p53-mediated signaling pathway in the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes-.

The heart works as a driving force to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the whole body. Interrupting this function for only several minutes can cause critical and permanent damage to the human body. Thus, heart failure (HF) or attenuated cardiac function is an important factor that affects both patient's the quality of life and longevity. Numerous clinical and basic studies have been performed to clarify the complex pathophysiology of HF and to develop effective therapies. Modulating the β-adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling pathway has been one of the most crucial targets for HF therapy. Impressively, recent reports identified p53, a well-known tumor suppressor, as a major player in the development of HF. The present review highlights the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, which is one of the important mechanisms that leads to HF and can be induced by both β-adrenergic signaling and p53. Consideration of the cross-talk among these major pathways will be important when developing effective and safe therapies for HF.