CONTEXT: Kidney cancer is among the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in Western communities. Globally, about 270 000 cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed yearly and 116 000 people die from the disease. Approximately 90% of all kidney cancers are renal cell carcinomas (RCC). OBJECTIVE: The causes of RCC are not completely known. We have reviewed known aetiologic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The data provided in the current review are based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on RCC epidemiology with a systemic literature search using Medline. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Smoking, overweight and obesity, and germline mutations in specific genes are established risk factors for RCC. Hypertension and advanced kidney disease, which makes dialysis necessary, also increase RCC risk. Specific dietary habits and occupational exposure to specific carcinogens are suspected risk factors, but results in the literature are inconclusive. Alcohol consumption seems to have a protective effect for reasons yet unknown. Hardly any information is available for some factors that may have a high a priori role in the causation of RCC, such as salt consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Large collaborative studies with uniform data collection seem to be necessary to elucidate a complete list of established risk factors of RCC. This is necessary to make successful prevention possible for a disease that is diagnosed frequently in a stage where curative treatment is not possible anymore.
CONTEXT: Kidney cancer is among the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in Western communities. Globally, about 270 000 cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed yearly and 116 000 people die from the disease. Approximately 90% of all kidney cancers are renal cell carcinomas (RCC). OBJECTIVE: The causes of RCC are not completely known. We have reviewed known aetiologic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The data provided in the current review are based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on RCC epidemiology with a systemic literature search using Medline. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Smoking, overweight and obesity, and germline mutations in specific genes are established risk factors for RCC. Hypertension and advanced kidney disease, which makes dialysis necessary, also increase RCC risk. Specific dietary habits and occupational exposure to specific carcinogens are suspected risk factors, but results in the literature are inconclusive. Alcohol consumption seems to have a protective effect for reasons yet unknown. Hardly any information is available for some factors that may have a high a priori role in the causation of RCC, such as salt consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Large collaborative studies with uniform data collection seem to be necessary to elucidate a complete list of established risk factors of RCC. This is necessary to make successful prevention possible for a disease that is diagnosed frequently in a stage where curative treatment is not possible anymore.
Authors: Juan I Martínez-Salamanca; Estefania Linares; Javier González; Roberto Bertini; Joaquín A Carballido; Thomas Chromecki; Gaetano Ciancio; Sia Daneshmand; Christopher P Evans; Paolo Gontero; Axel Haferkamp; Markus Hohenfellner; William C Huang; Theresa M Koppie; Viraj A Master; Rayan Matloob; James M McKiernan; Carrie M Mlynarczyk; Francesco Montorsi; Hao G Nguyen; Giacomo Novara; Sascha Pahernik; Juan Palou; Raj S Pruthi; Krishna Ramaswamy; Oscar Rodriguez Faba; Paul Russo; Shahrokh F Shariat; Martin Spahn; Carlo Terrone; Derya Tilki; Daniel Vergho; Eric M Wallen; Evanguelos Xylinas; Richard Zigeuner; John A Libertino Journal: Curr Urol Rep Date: 2014-05 Impact factor: 3.092
Authors: Tobias Klatte; Vincenzo Ficarra; Christian Gratzke; Jihad Kaouk; Alexander Kutikov; Veronica Macchi; Alexandre Mottrie; Francesco Porpiglia; James Porter; Craig G Rogers; Paul Russo; R Houston Thompson; Robert G Uzzo; Christopher G Wood; Inderbir S Gill Journal: Eur Urol Date: 2015-04-22 Impact factor: 20.096