Controlled synthesis of monodisperse sub-100 nm hollow SnO2 nanospheres: a template- and surfactant-free solution-phase route, the growth mechanism, optical properties, and application as a photocatalyst.

Controlled synthesis of low-dimensional materials, such as nanoparticles, nanorods, and hollow nanospheres, is vitally important for achieving desired properties and fabricating functional devices. We report a systematic investigation of the growth of low-dimensional sub-100 nm SnO(2) hollow nanostructures by a mild template- and surfactant-free hydrothermal route, aiming to achieve precise control of morphology and size. The starting materials are potassium stannate and urea in an ethylene glycol (EG)/H(2)O system. We found the size of the SnO(2) hollow nanospheres can be controlled by simply adjusting the urea concentration. Investigation of the mechanism of formation of the SnO(2) hollow nanospheres revealed that reaction time, urea concentration, and reaction temperature make significant contributions to the growth of hollow nanospheres. On switching the solvent from EG/H(2)O to H(2)O or ethanol, the SnO(2) nanostructures changed from nanospheres to ultrafine nanorods and nanoparticles. On the basis of reaction parameter dependent experiments, oriented self-assembly and subsequent evacuation through Ostwald ripening are proposed to explain the formation of hollow nanostructures. Their size-dependent optical properties, including UV/Vis absorption spectra and room-temperature fluorescence spectra, were also studied. Moreover, the studies on the photocatalytic property demonstrate that the fabricated hollow structures have slightly enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity for rhodamine B when exposed to mercury light irradiation compared to solid SnO(2) nanospheres under the same conditions. The synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles display high photocatalytic efficiency and have potential applications for cleaning polluted water in the textile industry.