OBJECTIVE: To experimentally compare the effects of eating or skipping breakfast on energy expenditure, activity levels and dietary habits. DESIGN: A randomised cross-over trial, lasting 2 weeks. Participants were provided breakfast during one week and were required to fast until mid-day during the other week. SETTING: University campus. SUBJECTS:Forty-nine participants (twenty-six female and twenty-three male participants) were recruited. Food intake was monitored using food diaries, and energy expenditure was assessed using pedometers and heart rate monitors. Morningness-eveningness, physical activity and health were assessed using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Across all participants, daily energy expenditure did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Total energy intake over 24 h did not vary with condition (male participants: 8134 (sd 447) kJ/d and 7514 (sd 368) kJ/d; female participants: 7778 (sd 410) kJ/d and 7531 (sd 535) kJ/d, for the breakfast and no-breakfast conditions, respectively). However, when comparing habitual breakfast eaters with those with irregular or breakfast-skipping habits, it was found that male non-habitual breakfast eaters consumed significantly (P = 0·029) more energy during the breakfast condition. Furthermore, female participants who were habitual breakfast eaters were found to eat significantly (P = 0·005) more and later in the day under the no-breakfast condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although the suggestion that breakfast is a behavioural marker for appropriate dietary and physical activity patterns is not refuted by the present findings, our data suggest that the effect of breakfast may vary as a function of gender and morning eating habits, and thus there may be other mechanisms that link BMI and breakfast consumption behaviour.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: To experimentally compare the effects of eating or skipping breakfast on energy expenditure, activity levels and dietary habits. DESIGN: A randomised cross-over trial, lasting 2 weeks. Participants were provided breakfast during one week and were required to fast until mid-day during the other week. SETTING: University campus. SUBJECTS: Forty-nine participants (twenty-six female and twenty-three male participants) were recruited. Food intake was monitored using food diaries, and energy expenditure was assessed using pedometers and heart rate monitors. Morningness-eveningness, physical activity and health were assessed using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Across all participants, daily energy expenditure did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Total energy intake over 24 h did not vary with condition (male participants: 8134 (sd 447) kJ/d and 7514 (sd 368) kJ/d; female participants: 7778 (sd 410) kJ/d and 7531 (sd 535) kJ/d, for the breakfast and no-breakfast conditions, respectively). However, when comparing habitual breakfast eaters with those with irregular or breakfast-skipping habits, it was found that male non-habitual breakfast eaters consumed significantly (P = 0·029) more energy during the breakfast condition. Furthermore, female participants who were habitual breakfast eaters were found to eat significantly (P = 0·005) more and later in the day under the no-breakfast condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although the suggestion that breakfast is a behavioural marker for appropriate dietary and physical activity patterns is not refuted by the present findings, our data suggest that the effect of breakfast may vary as a function of gender and morning eating habits, and thus there may be other mechanisms that link BMI and breakfast consumption behaviour.
Authors: Lauren T Ptomey; Felicia L Steger; Matthew M Schubert; Jaehoon Lee; Erik A Willis; Debra K Sullivan; Amanda N Szabo-Reed; Richard A Washburn; Joseph E Donnelly Journal: J Am Coll Nutr Date: 2015-12-23 Impact factor: 3.169
Authors: Enhad A Chowdhury; Judith D Richardson; Geoffrey D Holman; Kostas Tsintzas; Dylan Thompson; James A Betts Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-02-10 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Kylie J Smith; Seana L Gall; Sarah A McNaughton; Verity J Cleland; Petr Otahal; Terence Dwyer; Alison J Venn Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2017-01-10 Impact factor: 3.295
Authors: James A Betts; Judith D Richardson; Enhad A Chowdhury; Geoffrey D Holman; Kostas Tsintzas; Dylan Thompson Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2014-06-04 Impact factor: 7.045