Mediators of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Innate Immunity: From Host Defense to Inflammation onto Oncogenesis.

Cells respond to extracellular cues through a variety of receptors on the surface. These signals once transduced across the cell membrane, activate protein tyrosine kinases, which through phosphorylation of substrates on key tyrosine residues, are able to control cellular growth, activation and differentiation pathways. Recent data suggest that protein tyrosine kinases are critical in integrating signals from various cellular receptors, including pathogen detection receptors that mediate the host innate immune response. In this article, we have reviewed the roles of tyrosine kinases of the Tec, FAK, Fps, Fer, Syk, Src and TAM-receptor families in toll-like receptor signaling. The shared roles of these tyrosine phosphorylation mediators in host defense, inflammation, autoimmune disease and oncogenesis provides promising avenues for the use of their inhibitors in multiple disorders.