Molecular phylogeny and evolution of Monilinia (Sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and noncoding rDNA sequences.

The nuclear internal transcribed spacers, the 5.8S subunit, ~560 bp of the small subunit, and ~320 bp of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat from 17 species of Monilinia and eight species of closely related genera were sequenced. Phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony. The results support the hypothesis that Monilinia is not monophyletic. A fundamental distinction was found between the section Junctoriae and the section Disjunctoriae. Four evolutionary lineages were identified within the Disjunctoriae: one species on Crataegus, one group of species on dry stone fruits of rosaceous hosts, one group of species on capsular fruits of ericaceous hosts, and one group of species on sweet berry fruits of ericaceous hosts. Comparisons between branching topologies of hosts and Monilinia species suggest that although cospeciation among hosts and parasites has been the rule, several host jumps have taken place. Sclerotinia pirolae was determined to be a true member of the Disjunctoriae. The closest taxon groups to the Junctoriae were found to be Botrytis and Sclerotinia, with Ciborinia being the closest taxon group to the Disjunctoriae. There is evidence of an increased rate of ssrRNA evolution in the lineage of species that attack ericaceous berries.