Assembly of the antifreeze glycoprotein/trypsinogen-like protease genomic locus in the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman).

To investigate the genomic architecture underlying the quintessential adaptive phenotype, antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) that enables Antarctic notothenioid survival in the frigid Southern Ocean, we isolated the AFGP genomic locus from a bacterial artificial chromosome library for Dissostichus mawsoni. Through extensive shotgun sequencing of pertinent clones and sequence assembly verifications, we reconstructed the highly repetitive AFGP genomic locus. The locus comprises two haplotypes of different lengths (363.6 kbp and 467.4 kbp) containing tandem AFGP, two TLP (trypsinogen-like protease), and surprisingly three chimeric AFGP/TLP, one of which was previously hypothesized to be a TLP-to-AFGP evolutionary intermediate. The ~100 kbp haplotype length variation results from different AFGP copy number, suggesting substantial dynamism existed in the evolutionary history of the AFGP gene family. This study provided the data for fine resolution sequence analyses that would yield insight into the molecular mechanisms of notothenioid AFGP gene family evolution driven by Southern Ocean glaciation.