Hepatic 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Use of site-directed mutagenesis to evaluate the roles of His-258 and His-392 in catalysis.

The current model for hepatic 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase divides the protein into two functional domains: an N-terminal kinase domain and a carboxyl-terminal bisphosphatase domain. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to evaluate the role of two putative bisphosphatase active site histidyl residues in catalysis. His-258 has been implicated as a phosphoacceptor (Pilkis, S. J., Lively, M. O., and El-Maghrabi, M. R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12672-12675), and the importance of this residue was confirmed when it was mutated to alanine and neither bisphosphatase activity nor a phosphoenzyme intermediate could be detected. Mutation of His-392 to alanine produced an enzyme which had five percent of wild-type fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase activity, and the rate of phosphoenzyme formations was decreased from 4800 nmol/min/mg to 2.9 nmol/min/mg. Mutation of His-392 to phenylalanine, lysine, or aspartic acid also produced proteins that did not hydrolyze fructose 2,6-bisphosphate or form a phosphoenzyme intermediate. These results are consistent with an important role for His-392 in the bisphosphatase reaction, probably as a proton donor, and with its designation as an active site residue based on homology modeling (Bazan (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 9642-9646). H258A had the same Vmax for 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase as the wild-type enzyme, and the mutant's kinase was inhibited by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. In addition, H392F and H392K did not catalyze the kinase reaction, although H392D had normal kinase activity which was also modulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in the same manner as the wild-type enzyme. Thus, an active bisphosphatase domain is not a necessary condition for phosphorylation-induced changes in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity. The results also suggest that structural and/or active site interactions exist between the two domains of the enzyme.