OBJECTIVES: Gamma oscillations have been proposed to play an important role in neural information coding. There have been a limited number of electrophysiology studies in evoked gamma band responses (GBRs) in bipolar disorder (BPD). It is also unclear whether GBR deficits, if present, are potential endophenotypes for BPD as little is known about the heritability of GBRs. The present study aimed to examine whether GBRs derived from two auditory tasks, the oddball task and the dual-click paradigm, are potential BPD endophenotypes. METHODS: A total of 308 subjects were included in this study: 198 healthy controls, 59 BPD patients (22 monozygotic BPD twins and 37 BPD patients from 31 families), and 51 unaffected relatives. The evoked gamma responses were calculated using a Morlet wavelet transformation. Structural equation modelling was applied to obtain the genetic (heritability) and environment estimates in each GBR variable and their (genetic) overlap with BPD. RESULTS: The heritability estimates of GBR to standard stimuli were 0.51 and 0.35 to target stimuli in the oddball task. However, neither response type was impaired in BPD patients or their unaffected relatives. The heritability estimates of GBR to S1 stimuli were 0.54 and 0.50 to S2 stimuli in the dual-click paradigm. BPD patients had reduced gamma power and suppression to S1 stimuli but their unaffected relatives did not. CONCLUSIONS: Evoked GBRs are heritable traits. However, GBR deficits are not observed in clinically unaffected relatives nor associated with BPD. Gamma responses do not appear to satisfy criteria for being BPD endophenotypes.
OBJECTIVES: Gamma oscillations have been proposed to play an important role in neural information coding. There have been a limited number of electrophysiology studies in evoked gamma band responses (GBRs) in bipolar disorder (BPD). It is also unclear whether GBR deficits, if present, are potential endophenotypes for BPD as little is known about the heritability of GBRs. The present study aimed to examine whether GBRs derived from two auditory tasks, the oddball task and the dual-click paradigm, are potential BPD endophenotypes. METHODS: A total of 308 subjects were included in this study: 198 healthy controls, 59 BPD patients (22 monozygotic BPD twins and 37 BPD patients from 31 families), and 51 unaffected relatives. The evoked gamma responses were calculated using a Morlet wavelet transformation. Structural equation modelling was applied to obtain the genetic (heritability) and environment estimates in each GBR variable and their (genetic) overlap with BPD. RESULTS: The heritability estimates of GBR to standard stimuli were 0.51 and 0.35 to target stimuli in the oddball task. However, neither response type was impaired in BPD patients or their unaffected relatives. The heritability estimates of GBR to S1 stimuli were 0.54 and 0.50 to S2 stimuli in the dual-click paradigm. BPD patients had reduced gamma power and suppression to S1 stimuli but their unaffected relatives did not. CONCLUSIONS: Evoked GBRs are heritable traits. However, GBR deficits are not observed in clinically unaffected relatives nor associated with BPD. Gamma responses do not appear to satisfy criteria for being BPD endophenotypes.
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