Cardiovascular diseases and genome-wide association studies.

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) on cardiovascular diseases and related quantitative traits revealed numerous genetic variants, which however have been partially replicated, probably due to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotypes and the populations studied. Even if novel biological pathways have been identified through these studies, there is still a long way until the validation of causal variants and their use in clinical practice as factors for prevention, risk assessment and as targets for the development of new medications. GWAS methodologies should, in the following years, integrate gene-gene and gene-environment interaction analyses in a global research strategy and also involve subsequent transcriptomic and proteomic investigations. The GWAS era is very promising but it is just at the beginning.