Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data.

Capparaceae and Brassicaceae have long been known to be closely related families, with the monophyly of Capparaceae more recently questioned. To elucidate the relationship between Brassicaceae and Capparaceae as well as to address infrafamilial relationships within Capparaceae, we analyzed sequence variation for a large sampling, especially of Capparaceae, of these two families using two chloroplast regions, trnL-trnF and ndhF. Results of parsimony and likelihood analyses strongly support the monophyly of Brassicaceae plus Capparaceae, excluding Forchhammeria, which is clearly placed outside the Brassicaceae and Capparaceae clade and suggest the recognition of three primary clades-Capparaceae subfamily (subf.) Capparoideae, subf. Cleomoideae, and Brassicaceae. Capparaceae monophyly is strongly contradicted with Cleomoideae appearing as sister to Brassicaceae. Two traditionally recognized subfamilies of Capparaceae, Dipterygioideae and Podandrogynoideae, are embedded within Cleomoideae. Whereas habit and some fruit characteristics demarcate the three major clades, floral symmetry, stamen number, leaf type, and fruit type all show homoplasy. Clades within Capparoideae show a biogeographical pattern based on this sampling. These results are consistent with several alternative classification schemes.