Reticulate evolution in kiwifruit (Actinidia, Actinidiaceae) identified by comparing their maternal and paternal phylogenies.

Evolutionary relationships within Actinidia, a genus known for the contrasting mode of inheritance of its plastids and mitochondria, were studied. The phylogenetic analysis is based on chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) restriction site and sequence data (matK, psbC-trnS, rbcL, and trnL-trnF for cpDNA; nad1-2/3 and nad4-1/2 for mtDNA). The analysis of cp sequence data confirms the hypothesis that the four currently recognized sections are not monophyletic. The detection of incongruences among phylogenies (mtDNA vs. cpDNA tree) coupled with the detection of intraspecific polymorphisms confirms some of the reticulations previously emphasized, diagnoses new hybridization/introgression events, and provides evidence for multiple origin of at least two polyploid taxa. A number of hybridization/introgression events at the diploid, tetraploid, and possibly hexaploid levels are documented. The extensive reticulate evolution undergone by Actinidia could account for the lack of clear morphological discontinuities at the species level.