Treatment options for carcinoma in situ testis.

Carcinoma in situ testis (CIS) is known as the precursor of germ cell cancer of the testis. International guidelines on diagnosis and treatment are inconsistent. Some countries offer routine biopsies of the contralateral testicle in relation to orchidectomy for testicular cancer, whereas other countries only offer this to high-risk patients. The treatment options range from orchidectomy and chemotherapy to radiotherapy and in rare cases surveillance. Results of the different treatment strategies are presented in this review. The optimal radiation dose is still not clarified. Most patients have been treated in the dose range of 16-20 Gy. Higher doses involve a higher risk of androgen insufficiency. Radiotherapy is recommended in patients with contralateral CIS. Orchidectomy should be offered in extragonadal germ cell cancer and CIS in one testicle, whereas patients with bilateral CIS should be offered radiation therapy. Patients who have undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer are still at risk of developing CIS and we also recommend radiotherapy to the affected testicle in these patients. Cryopreservation should be offered before treatment is initiated and all patients should have their androgen status measured on a regular basis to find those cases where hormone substitution is needed.