Problems in measuring among-family variation in inbreeding depression.

Understanding the sources of variation in inbreeding depression within populations is important for understanding the evolution of selfing rates. At the population level, inbreeding depression is due to decreased heterozygosity caused by inbreeding, which decreases overdominance and increases the frequency of expression of recessive deleterious alleles. However, within individual families inbreeding has two distinct consequences: it reduces heterozygosity and it restricts the alleles present in offspring to those present in the parent. Outcrossing both increases heterozygosity and brings new alleles into a family (compared to the alleles present if the plant is self-pollinated). Both consequences of inbreeding affect offspring fitness, but the most common experimental design used to measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression cannot distinguish them. The result is that variance in inbreeding depression among families is confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. Also, correlations (among families) between measures of inbreeding depression or between inbreeding depression and mean trait values are confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. I conclude that more complex crossing designs that allow estimation of breeding values for individual families are required to accurately detect and measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression.