Phylogenetic analysis of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae): chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology support several geographically distinct radiations.

The genus Pinguicula is one of the three genera of the carnivorous Lentibulariaceae, comprising approximately 80 species. Phylogeny inference using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK and the trnK group II intron, as well as a set of 32 morphological characters revealed five well-supported, major lineages within the genus. These lineages largely reflect radiations in clearly defined geographic regions, whereas most previously recognized sections of the genus are shown to be para- or polyphyletic. A species-rich Mexican-Central American-Caribbean clade has the Eurasian P. alpina and an East Asian clade as successive sisters. All three are characterized by a production of flower buds on winter-resting plants, a specific corolla hair structure and a very large corolla lower central lobe. Another diverse clade is composed of species with primarily European distribution including the widespread type species P. vulgaris. For this clade, vegetative reproduction during dormancy is synapomorphic. Species native to SE North America and the South American Andes and a group of Mediterranean and NE Atlantic coast species together appear in a fifth well-supported clade, that is characterized by a tropical-type growth habit. It is the only clade that has reached temperate zones of the southern hemisphere.