Integrating amperometric detection with electrophoresis microchip devices for biochemical assays: recent developments.

Recent advances in microfluidic systems, particularly in the Micro Total Analysis System (μTAS) or Lab On a Chip (LOC), drive the current analysis tools and equipment towards miniaturization, rapid at-line testing and mobility. The state-of-the-art microfluidic technology targets a wider range but smaller volumes of analytes, making the analytical procedure relatively easier and faster. This trend together with faster electronics and modern instrumentation systems will make real-time and in situ analysis a definite possibility. This review focuses on microchip capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (MCE-AD) for the detection of DNA and other electroactive analytes. The problems associated with the microchip design, in particular the choice of materials and the configuration of electrodes are discussed thoroughly and solutions are proposed. Significant developments in the related areas are also covered and reviewed critically.