Literature DB >> 21645457

[The common causes of conversion of VATS during operation for 248 non-small cell lung cancers].

Zhenrong Zhang1, Deruo Liu, Yongqing Guo, Bin Shi, Yanchu Tian, Zhiyi Song, Haitao Zhang, Zhaoyang Liang.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND
OBJECTIVE: VATS-lobectomy has been used as regular surgical procedure clinically for non-small cell lung cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surgical emergencies during VATS and the related factors postoperatively.
METHODS: Clinical data were reviewed for patients who were performed with pulmonary related surgery between January 2006 and July 2008 in our department.
RESULTS: 248 (117 CVATS and 131 AVATS) VATS lobectomy were performed, including 13 cases that were transferred into AVATS or OPEN. The common related reasons were bleeding of pulmonary branches, adhesion, anatomic deformity, bleeding of azygos and bleeding of middle-lobe-vein. 129 thoracotomy cases were enrolled. Compared with OPEN surgery, VATS got the merits of short in-hospital duration (20 days vs 27 days, P=0.015), less bleeding (197 mL vs 250 mL, P=0.005) and less pain (4.6 vs 6.2, P=0.003).
CONCLUSION: VATS is a safe surgical procedure for early stage NSCLC with merits of lower morbidity and sooner recovery. So it could be concluded that in some circumstances, VATS could be chosen as an alternate of thoractomy.

Entities:  

Mesh:

Year:  2011        PMID: 21645457      PMCID: PMC5999897          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.06.08

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


自20世纪90年代胸腔镜逐步应用于临床以来,胸腔镜肺叶切除术目前已经成为早期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)治疗的主要手术方式[。目前国内外已有大量关于胸腔镜手术安全性及有效性的报道[。但对于胸腔镜手术术中意外处理的研究较少。本文对2006年1月-2008年7月在中日友好医院胸外科进行的肺癌手术患者资料进行回顾性研究,旨在对胸腔镜肺叶切除术术中转为胸腔镜辅助或开胸手术及术后相关情况进行分析总结。

材料与方法

病例及入组标准

收集2006年1月-2008年7月中日友好医院胸外科收治的符合入选标准的NSCLC例。VATS(video assisted thoracoscopy, VATS)入组标准(图 1)包括:NSCLC、根治性肺叶切除/复合肺叶切除术、术前未行新辅助治疗。最终共剔除164例,其中小细胞肺癌29例,开胸探查21例,胸膜固定术37例,冷冻治疗59例,经新辅助治疗18例。最终入组共377例,男性271例,女性106例,平均年龄61岁。根据年龄、性别、术式相匹配原则对同期完成OPEN手术患者进行选择,入组标准同前述,最终共入组129例患者,详细临床资料见表 1。
1

入组筛选过程

Enrolled process. SCLC: small cell lung cancer.

1

VATS与OPEN组、CVATS与AVATS亚组临床资料比较

Comparasion of clinical data between VATS and OPEN groups, CVATS and AVATS subgroups

Clinical dataVATS (n=248)OPEN (n=129)PVATSP
C-VAT (n=117)A-VATS (n=131)
AC: adenocarcinoma; SCC: squamous cell cancer.
Sex
  Male166 (66.94%)105 (81.40%)0.00375 (64.10%)91 (69.47%)0.471
  Female82 (33.06%)24(18.60%)42 (35.90%)40 (30.53%)
Age60630.41059610.130
Pathology
  AC76 (30.65%)39 (30.23%)0.68138 (32.48%)38 (29.01%)0.554
  SCC85 (34.27%)66 (51.16%)<0.00139 (33.33%)46 (35.11%)0.768
  Others87 (35.08%)24(18.60%)<0.00140 (34.19%)47 (35.88%)0.781
pTNM Stage
  T168 (27.42%)15(11.63%)<0.00141 (35.04%)27 (20.61%)0.011
  T2124 (50%)39 (30.23%)<0.00160 (51.28%)64 (48.85%)0.703
  T348 (19.35%)54 (41.86%)<0.00115(12.82%)33 (25.19%)0.014
  T49 (3.63)21 (16.28%)<0.0011 (0.85%)8(6.11%)0.027
  N0133 (53.63%)33 (25.58%)<0.00177(65.81%)56 (42.75%)<0.001
  N157 (22.98%)27 (20.93%)0.64922 (18.80%)35 (26.72%)0.139
  N258 (23.39%)699 (53.49%)<0.00118(15.38%)40 (30.53%)0.005
入组筛选过程 Enrolled process. SCLC: small cell lung cancer. VATS与OPEN组、CVATS与AVATS亚组临床资料比较 Comparasion of clinical data between VATS and OPEN groups, CVATS and AVATS subgroups

手术方法

手术病人均采用双腔气管内插管全身麻醉,单肺通气。完全胸腔镜组(complete video assisted thoracoscopy, CVATS)及胸腔镜辅助组(assisted video as-sisted thoracoscopy, AVATS)全部通过2个切口完成,操作口位于第4或第5肋间腋前线,长约5 cm-7 cm,镜下各肺叶切除操作顺序与传统开胸肺叶切除基本相同。如镜下操作遇淋巴结粘连或转移、出血等情况时,将操作口向肩胛下角方向延长至12 cm-15 cm,沿肋间方向逐层切开皮下组织、背阔肌、前锯肌和肋间肌,放置开胸器牵开肋骨,不切断或切除肋骨,直视下完成肺叶切除和淋巴结清扫,即AVATS。开放手术(open lobectomy, OPEN)采用常规后外侧切口。系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫范围:右侧清扫2、3、4、7、9组淋巴结,左侧清扫2、5、6、7、9组淋巴结。对CVATS中转术式为AVATS或OPEN的患者,最终术式记录为AVATS或OPEN。

观测指标及研究目的

包括术式中转原因、中转机率;不同术式手术时间、术中失血量、术后并发症发生率、术后拔管时间、住院时间、术后引流量、术后早期患者疼痛评分、术后患者肺功能变化等因素。主要目的:评价CVATS中转的为AVATS或OPEN的可能性及常见原因;次要目的:评价VATS的安全性及有效性。肺癌分期采用7th版肺癌分期[。疼痛评分采用视觉模拟评级法[。

统计学分析

应用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行统计分析,计量资料用Mean± SD显示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

2006年1月-2008年7月共实施胸腔镜肺叶切除术248例,其中CVATS 117例,AVATS 131例。在所实施的130例CVATS手术中,CVATS中转为AVATS或OPEN共13例,包括中转为AVATS 9例,中转为OPEN 4例。13例患者中行右肺上叶切除术2例;右肺中叶切除术3例;右肺下叶切除术2例;左肺上叶切除术4例;左肺下叶切除术2例。 中转术式的最常见原因为肺动脉或其分支出血3例(23.08%)和胸腔内粘连3例(23.08%);其次为血管解剖变异2例(15.39%)、奇静脉出血1例(7.69%)、中叶静脉出血1例(7.69%);肺门淋巴结无法清除、影响手术解剖过程1例(7.69%);误伤左主支气管1例(7.69%);术中冰冻良性,临床怀疑恶性,中转术式进一步取病理1例(7.69%)(表 2)。
2

13例中转术式患者临床资料

Clinical data of the 13 transformed surgical process

No.AgeSexC stageP stageOperationConversionReason
F: female; M: male; RML: right middle lobectomy; LLL: left lower lobectomy; LUL: left upper lobectomy; RLL: right lower lobectomy; RUL: right upper lobectomy; C to A: CVATS convert to AVATS; C to O: CVATS convert to OPEN.
164MT2aN0M0T2aN1M0RMLC to AAdhesion
257MT2aN0M0T2aN0M0LLLC to ABleeding of superior branch of LLL artery
371FTlaNOMOT1bN1M0LLLC to AObscure pathology
466MT1bN1M0T2aN2M0LULC to AUndisectable of lymph node
561MT3N0M0T3N0M0RMLC to AAdhesion
652FT2bN1M0T2bN1M0RLLC to ABleeding of inter lobar artery
748MT3N2M0T3N2M0LULC to AAdhesion
859MT2bN0M0T2bN1M0RLLC to AMalformation of artery
964FT1aN1M0TlaNOMORULC to ABleeding of posterior branch of RUL artery
1054MT2aN1M0T2aN1M0LULC to OLeft main bronchus injury
1159FT2bN1M0T2bN2M0LULC to OAberrant position of artery
1263MT2aN0M0T3N2M0RMLC to OInjury of RML vein
1367MT1bN1M0T1bN1M0RULC to OInjury of azygos vein
13例中转术式患者临床资料 Clinical data of the 13 transformed surgical process 组间比较显示VATS组的住院时间较短(20天 vs 27天,P=0.015)、术中失血量较少(197 mL vs 250 mL, P=0.005)。对亚组资料分析显示住院时间、术中失血量、手术时间、并发症发生率等因素均无统计学差异。术后第1天-第3天对所有患者进行疼痛分级,对3天的数据取平均值即为该患者术后早期的疼痛评分。组间比较显示VATS组与OPEN组的疼痛评分分别为4.6±2.1和6.2± 3.4,组间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.003)。对亚组数据进行分析显示CVATS组与AVATS组的疼痛评分分别为4.1±2.0和4.9±1.8,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.190)(表 3)。
3

VATS与OPEN组、CVATS与AVATS亚组外科数据比较

Comparasion of surgical data between VATS and OPEN groups, CVATS and AVATS subgroups

Surgical dataVATS (n=248)OPEN (n=129)PVATSP
C-VATS (n=117)A-VATS (n=131)
Complications0.1660.614
  Yes23 (9.27%)18(13.95%)12(10.26%)11 (8.40%)
  No225 (90.73%)111 (86.05%)105 (89.74%)120 (91.60%)
  Fistula (≥7days)5 (20.16%)3 (2.33%)5 (4.27%)0
  Atrial Fibrillation3(12.10%)3 (2.33%)1 (0.85%)2(1.53%)
  Pulmonary infection0000
  Empyema0000
  Atelectasis1 (0.40%)3 (2.33%)01 (0.76%)
  Fistula1 (0.40%)001 (0.76%)
  Others13 (5.24%)9 (6.98%)6(5.13%)7 (5.34%)
Stay (day)19.57±16.6826.77±31.160.01517.68±13.7421.26±18.820.087
Time (min)198.90±63.58210.58±50.430.052193.80±53.60203.44±71.220.227
Blood loss (mL)196.50±142.33250.23±191.280.005191.05±132.78201.22±150.500.575
Extubation (day)6.75±3.916.33±3.870.3317.17±3.886.38±3.920.116
LN number (n)22.72±9.2222.35±10.150.73122.30±9.3323.09±9.150.501
N2 station (n)3.17±0.823.12±0.320.3353.22±0.593.13±0.980.363
Drainage (mL)1, 624±1, 3901, 468±8720.2001, 659±9381, 589±1, 7160.695
Pain4.6±2.16.2±3.40.0034.1 ±2.04.9±1.80.190
pre-FEV1(L)1.95±0.732.12±0.990.3202.00±0.911.91 ±0.820.270
pre-FEV1%(93.26±23.14)%(91.78±25.62)%0.450(95.01 ±18.47)%(92.58±20.04)%0.631
post-FEV1(L)1.52±0.381.44±0.820.0021.61 ±0.631.49±0.400.100
post-FEV1%(73.44±18.%)%(62.59±21.50)%0.010(75.34±16.28)%(70.94±14.60)%0.187
VATS与OPEN组、CVATS与AVATS亚组外科数据比较 Comparasion of surgical data between VATS and OPEN groups, CVATS and AVATS subgroups 术前VATS组与OPEN组的一秒通气量(forced expira-tory volume in one second, FEV1)、一秒通气量占预计值百分比(forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity ratio, FEV1%)分别为1.95±0.73、(93.26±23.14)%和2.12±0.99、(91.78±25.62)%,组间比较无统计学差异。术后肺功能结果显示CVATS组与OPEN组术后FEV1和FEV1%均有不同程度的下降,但OPEN组下降更明显,差异具有统计学意义(表 3)。

讨论

2010年NCCN指南明确指出胸腔镜可以作为无手术禁忌症的NSCLC患者的治疗手段[。目前胸腔镜已经成为比较成熟的手术方式,但是在一定的情况下仍需要转为开胸手术。其常见原因包括纵隔淋巴结粘连或转移、出血、肿瘤巨大或侵犯纵隔器官、手术器械使用不当、叶间裂分裂差或胸腔粘连等。我院实施的130例CVATS中转的比例为10%,其中9例中转为AVATS,4例中转为OPEN手术,这与Yan[报道的结果相近。 国内姜冠潮等[对256例全胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者进行分析认为左肺上叶切除术时中转的几率较大。本组资料显示CVATS术中行左肺上叶切除时中转的机率最高(4/13, 30.77%),行右肺中叶切除时中转的机率次之,其他如右肺上叶、右肺下叶、左肺下叶切除术发生的机率较低。CVATS左肺上叶切除时中转原因有胸腔粘连1例、淋巴结无法清除1例、肺动脉解剖变异1例和误伤左主支气管1例。 Yan等[报道胸腔镜中转为其他术式最常见的原因依次为手术操作困难、肿瘤体积大、淋巴结粘连、出血、肺裂分化不全等。Nakanishi等[的研究显示术中肺血管出血是全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中转开胸最常见的原因。本研究数据显示肺动脉或其分支出血和胸腔内粘连是术中最常见的中转原因(3/13, 23.08%),这与Sugi等[的研究一致。本组因肺动脉出血中转为AVATS 3例,发生于右肺上叶切除术、右肺下叶切除术、左肺下叶切除术各1例,出血动脉分别为右肺上叶后升支动脉、右肺叶间动脉干以及左肺下叶背段动脉。 Doddoli等[对复发性自发性气胸患者进行VATS手术后分析得出胸腔粘连是VATS手术的相对禁忌症。如胸腔内部粘连或胸腔内肺门血管等部位粘连紧密影响VATS手术操作,有时需中转为AVATS或OPEN手术。本组术中因胸腔内粘连中转3例,其中2例为肺与胸壁广泛粘连,1例为肺门周围组织粘连紧密,无法游离。 淋巴结一般伴随在血管与支气管周围,炎症与结核粘连或肿瘤转移造成淋巴结增大时往往会使局部的解剖结构不清,增加VATS处理血管和支气管的难度。Na-kamura[认为淋巴结因素在一定程度上影响VATS中转为OPEN的发生率。李运等[报道172例全胸腔镜手术患者中有9例患者因淋巴结因素需中转术式。本组仅遇到1例术中因淋巴结肿大需要中转术式,其余患者均顺利完成手术,考虑与手术患者的选择有关,另外我们总结术中沿着淋巴结外膜进行仔细分离一般能够将动脉或支气管与淋巴结分离开。 CVATS术中遇到肿瘤体积较小,探查不确实时,可以依据解剖位置进行手术切除。但这种术式肿瘤残留风险较大。如术前在CT引导下对肿瘤进行定位,术中根据定位情况进行切除较准确。但由于术前CT引导下定位可能导致气胸,因此目前在国内应用仍较少。对于体检较小、位置较深的肿瘤一般直接采取AVATS或OPEN术式,本组资料显示由于肿瘤体积小、探查不确实由CVATS中转为AVATS 1例,术中VATS楔形切除组织快速病理未见肿瘤,中转AVATS后取病理确诊为腺癌。 本组中遇到1例术中误操作,行左肺上叶切除术时误切断左主支气管,中转OPEN后行断端切除吻合术,这与胸腔镜经验不足有关。我们总结术中应该常规夹闭目标支气管后膨肺,确定余肺膨胀满意后予以切断,不可盲目切断“目标”支气管。 国外研究[显示与OPEN手术相比,VATS具有损伤小、患者恢复快、住院时间短、术中出血较少、术后并发症发生率较低等优点。本组资料显示与OPEN手术相比,VATS具有住院时间短、术中出血量少的优点。这与其他作者得到的结果类似。但本次研究并未得出VATS在术后拔管时间、术后引流量、术后并发症等方面具有优势,考虑可能与入组病例数较少有关。 术后第1天-第3天对入组患者进行疼痛评分分级,VATS组患者术后早期疼痛较OPEN组轻。这与OPEN组损伤肋骨、肋间神经及肋骨牵开器过度牵拉胸壁引起的损伤等因素有关。 文献[报道VATS具有减少开胸手术创伤、保护患者肺功能作用。一般认为OPEN手术对术后早期肺功能影响的可能机制包括:疼痛造成限制型呼吸障碍;疼痛导致患者主动咳嗽减少、术后肺泡渗出增多造成阻塞型呼吸障碍;术中切断呼吸肌直接影响呼吸功能。我们考虑术后1周时患者疼痛对呼吸功能的影响较明显,因此在术后4周-5周患者复查时进行肺功能检查,结果显示FEV1及FEV1%均有不同程度的下降,OPEN组患者下降的幅度较大,考虑组间差异主要是术中直接损伤呼吸肌以及肋间神经造成呼吸肌失神经支配所致。 总之,在严格选择病例进行手术的前提下,胸腔镜手术风险小,可以完成绝大部分早期肺癌及部分中期肺癌患者根治术,并且胸腔镜手术创伤小、患者恢复快、患者术后生活质量较高,因此在一定范围内可以替代OPEN手术。
  13 in total

Review 1.  Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically?

Authors:  Natasha M Rueth; Rafael S Andrade
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2010-06       Impact factor: 4.330

2.  Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open lobectomy for lung cancer: a secondary analysis of data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030 randomized clinical trial.

Authors:  Walter J Scott; Mark S Allen; Gail Darling; Bryan Meyers; Paul A Decker; Joe B Putnam; Robert W McKenna; Rodney J Landrenau; David R Jones; Richard I Inculet; Richard A Malthaner
Journal:  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg       Date:  2010-02-20       Impact factor: 5.209

3.  Thoracoscopic lobectomy is a safe and versatile procedure: experience with 500 consecutive patients.

Authors:  Mark W Onaitis; Rebecca P Petersen; Stafford S Balderson; Eric Toloza; William R Burfeind; David H Harpole; Thomas A D'Amico
Journal:  Ann Surg       Date:  2006-09       Impact factor: 12.969

4.  Controversies in thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer.

Authors:  Haruhiko Nakamura
Journal:  Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg       Date:  2007-08       Impact factor: 1.520

5.  Initial experience of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy with partial removal of the pulmonary artery.

Authors:  Ryoichi Nakanishi; Toshihiro Yamashita; Soichi Oka
Journal:  Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg       Date:  2008-07-31

Review 6.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Tristan D Yan; Deborah Black; Paul G Bannon; Brian C McCaughan
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2009-03-16       Impact factor: 44.544

7.  Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 1,100 cases.

Authors:  Robert J McKenna; Ward Houck; Clark Beeman Fuller
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2006-02       Impact factor: 4.330

8.  Thoracoscopic lobectomy: the gold standard for early-stage lung cancer?

Authors:  Matthew G Hartwig; Thomas A D'Amico
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2010-06       Impact factor: 4.330

9.  Video-assisted thoracoscopic management of recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax after prior talc pleurodesis: a feasible, safe and efficient treatment option.

Authors:  Christophe Doddoli; Fabrice Barlési; Anne Fraticelli; Pascal Thomas; Philippe Astoul; Roger Giudicelli; Pierre Fuentes
Journal:  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg       Date:  2004-11       Impact factor: 4.191

10.  [Intrathoracic bleeding during video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and segmentectomy].

Authors:  K Sugi; M Sudoh; K Hirazawa; E Matsuda; Y Kaneda
Journal:  Kyobu Geka       Date:  2003-10
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  3 in total

Review 1.  Preoperative Lung Ultrasound to Detect Pleural Adhesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Authors:  Akihiro Shiroshita; Kiyoshi Nakashima; Masafumi Takeshita; Yuki Kataoka
Journal:  Cureus       Date:  2021-05-06

2.  [Relationship between Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Modes of Hospitalized Surgical Patients with Lung Cancer].

Authors:  Yutian Lai; Long Tian; Jun Fan; Jian Huang; Shuangjiang Li; Heng Du; Guowei Che
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2015-07

3.  [Classification and Risk-factor Analysis of Postoperative Cardio-pulmonary 
Complications after Lobectomy in Patients with Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer].

Authors:  Yutian Lai; Jianhua Su; Mingming Wang; Kun Zhou; Heng Du; Jian Huang; Guowei Che
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2016-05-20
  3 in total

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