BACKGROUND: Refractive errors are a common eye problem. Considering the low number of population-based studies in Iran in this regard, we decided to determine the prevalence rates of myopia and hyperopia in a population in Mashhad, Iran. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. PARTICIPANTS: Random cluster sampling. Of 4453 selected individuals from the urban population of Mashhad, 70.4% participated. METHODS: Refractive error was determined using manifest (age > 15 years) and cycloplegic refraction (age ≤ 15 years). Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of -0.5 diopter or worse. An spherical equivalent of +0.5 diopter or worse for non-cycloplegic refraction and an spherical equivalent of +2 diopter or worse for cycloplegic refraction was used to define hyperopia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of refractive errors. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in individuals ≤ 15 years old was 3.64% (95% CI: 2.19-5.09) and 27.4% (95% CI: 23.72-31.09), respectively. The same measurements for subjects > 15 years of age was 22.36% (95% CI: 20.06-24.66) and 34.21% (95% CI: 31.57-36.85), respectively. Myopia was found to increase with age in individuals ≤ 15 years and decrease with age in individuals > 15 years of age. The rate of hyperopia showed a significant increase with age in individuals > 15 years. The prevalence of astigmatism was 25.64% (95% CI: 23.76-27.51). CONCLUSIONS: In children and the elderly, hyperopia is the most prevalent refractive error. After hyperopia, astigmatism is also of importance in older ages. Age is the most important demographic factor associated with different types of refractive errors.
BACKGROUND: Refractive errors are a common eye problem. Considering the low number of population-based studies in Iran in this regard, we decided to determine the prevalence rates of myopia and hyperopia in a population in Mashhad, Iran. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. PARTICIPANTS: Random cluster sampling. Of 4453 selected individuals from the urban population of Mashhad, 70.4% participated. METHODS: Refractive error was determined using manifest (age > 15 years) and cycloplegic refraction (age ≤ 15 years). Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of -0.5 diopter or worse. An spherical equivalent of +0.5 diopter or worse for non-cycloplegic refraction and an spherical equivalent of +2 diopter or worse for cycloplegic refraction was used to define hyperopia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of refractive errors. RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in individuals ≤ 15 years old was 3.64% (95% CI: 2.19-5.09) and 27.4% (95% CI: 23.72-31.09), respectively. The same measurements for subjects > 15 years of age was 22.36% (95% CI: 20.06-24.66) and 34.21% (95% CI: 31.57-36.85), respectively. Myopia was found to increase with age in individuals ≤ 15 years and decrease with age in individuals > 15 years of age. The rate of hyperopia showed a significant increase with age in individuals > 15 years. The prevalence of astigmatism was 25.64% (95% CI: 23.76-27.51). CONCLUSIONS: In children and the elderly, hyperopia is the most prevalent refractive error. After hyperopia, astigmatism is also of importance in older ages. Age is the most important demographic factor associated with different types of refractive errors.
Authors: Hadi Ostadimoghaddam; Akbar Fotouhi; Hassan Hashemi; Abbas Ali Yekta; Javad Heravian; Tahereh Abdolahinia; Reza Norouzi Rad; Soheila Asgari; Mehdi Khabazkhoob Journal: J Ophthalmic Vis Res Date: 2014-01
Authors: Hassan Hashemi; Farhad Rezvan; Asghar Beiranvand; Omid-Ali Papi; Hosein Hoseini Yazdi; Hadi Ostadimoghaddam; Abbas Ali Yekta; Reza Norouzirad; Mehdi Khabazkhoob Journal: J Ophthalmic Vis Res Date: 2014-04
Authors: Jian Feng Wu; Hong Sheng Bi; Shu Mei Wang; Yuan Yuan Hu; Hui Wu; Wei Sun; Tai Liang Lu; Xing Rong Wang; Jost B Jonas Journal: PLoS One Date: 2013-12-23 Impact factor: 3.240