Morphology evolution and structural transformation of solution-processed methanofullerene thin film under thermal annealing.

The film morphology and nanostructure of the soluble fullerene, [6,6]-phenyl-C(61) butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), are crucial for its applications in organic thin film devices, such as organic solar cells and organic thin film transistors. In this work, the morphology, structural transformation, and crystallite orientation of PCBM film under thermal annealing as a function of annealing temperature, processing solvents, and solution concentrations are systematically investigated. Crystalline PCBM films with needle-like crystallites, axialitic aggregates, and faceted slices are formed in the annealing process. The axialites, made up of needle-like aggregates, are proposed to be partially developed spherulites frozen at the early growth stage formed through low-angle branching. The faceted slices are found to be PCBM single crystallites with hexagonal packing in the film plane. The film undergoes both amorphous-to-crystalline and crystalline-to-crystalline phase transformations as the annealing temperature is increased. The former transformation, corresponding to the self-organization of disordered PCBM molecules in the kinetically frozen films, occurs at a relative low temperature once the motion of these molecules is thermally activated, whereas the later one, corresponding to the transformation between two thermally stable crystalline phases, occurs when further increasing the annealing temperature. The PCBM crystallites composing these films are found to have an orientation preference normal to the film surface, which can be attributed to the confinement of film thickness for PCBM crystallite growth.