Modulation of a fronto-parietal network in event-based prospective memory: an rTMS study.

Event-based prospective memory (PM) is a multi-component process that requires remembering the delayed execution of an intended action in response to a pre-specified PM cue, while being actively engaged in an ongoing task. Some neuroimaging studies have suggested that both prefrontal and parietal areas are involved in the maintenance and realization of delayed intentions. In the present study, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate the causal involvement of frontal and parietal areas in different stages of the PM process (in particular, target checking and intention retrieval), and to determine the specific contribution of these regions to PM performance. Our results demonstrate that repetitive TMS (rTMS) interferes with prospective memory performance when applied at 150-350 ms to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and at 400-600 ms when applied to the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The present study provides clear evidence that the right DLPFC plays a crucial role in early components of the PM process (target checking), while the left PPC seems to be mainly involved in later processes, such as the retrieval of the intended action.