Maternal voluntary drinking in C57BL/6J mice: advancing a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) remain the most common preventable cause of behavioural abnormalities and cognitive deficits, yet little is known about the biological mechanisms involved in FASD pathology. Maternal voluntary ethanol consumption in mice may be a useful model for establishing the biological basis of moderate ethanol exposure phenotypes, which make up the majority of FASD cases. We have employed a two-bottle choice paradigm of maternal ethanol consumption throughout gestation and the early postnatal period in C57BL/6J mice. We assessed the efficacy of this model to produce a range of FASD-relevant phenotypes and evaluated gene expression changes in the adult offspring. Results showed stable maternal consumption and lack of maternal care differences between ethanol-consuming and water-only dams. Ethanol-exposed offspring showed delays in neonatal reflex and coordination development. Further, ethanol-exposed adolescent mice showed decreased activity in a novel environment that appeared to be the result of novelty-induced anxiety, and acquisition learning deficits. Evaluation of the neurotransmitter-associated genes Gabra6, Glra1, and Grin2c revealed significant down-regulation of Glra1 and Grin2c in the brains of ethanol-exposed young adult males. These results suggest that this model is able to produce a range of behavioural phenotypes consistent with prenatal ethanol exposure and may be used to evaluate resulting long-term genetic changes. Given the range of genetic resources available for inbred mouse strains, the model described here may prove to be a useful tool in evaluating the molecular basis of FASD.