Literature DB >> 21583844

1-(3-Ammonio-methyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-benz-yl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phen-yl)imidazol-1-ium dibromide monohydrate.

Chao Zhang, Yong Ren, Mei-Ming Luo.   

Abstract

In the title compound, C(25)H(35)N(3) (2+)·2Br(-)·H(2)O, the dihedral angles between the imidazole ring and the two outer benzene rings are 80.16 (16) and 69.40 (18)°. The component species are linked by N-H⋯Br, O-H⋯Br and C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds.

Entities:  

Year:  2009        PMID: 21583844      PMCID: PMC2977708          DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809012811

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Related literature

For carbene ligands and complexes, see: Alcalde et al. (2007 ▶); Douthwaite et al. (2004 ▶); Magill et al. (2001 ▶). For phosphine ligands and complexes, see: Cao et al. (2000 ▶); Liou et al. (1995 ▶); Rybtchinski et al. (1996 ▶, 1999 ▶, 2001 ▶). For a related synthesis, see: Gandelman et al. (1997 ▶). For related literature, see: Caddick et al. (2004 ▶); Hahn (2006 ▶).

Experimental

Crystal data

C25H35N3 2+·2Br−·H2O M = 555.40 Triclinic, a = 10.594 (4) Å b = 10.800 (3) Å c = 13.193 (4) Å α = 66.48 (4)° β = 70.26 (4)° γ = 80.58 (3)° V = 1302.0 (9) Å3 Z = 2 Mo Kα radiation μ = 3.13 mm−1 T = 294 K 0.50 × 0.46 × 0.40 mm

Data collection

Enraf–Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer Absorption correction: spherical (Farrugia, 1999 ▶) T min = 0.303, T max = 0.367 4856 measured reflections 4745 independent reflections 2966 reflections with I > 2σ(I) R int = 0.007 3 standard reflections every 300 reflections intensity decay: 2.7%

Refinement

R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)] = 0.065 wR(F 2) = 0.203 S = 1.09 4745 reflections 300 parameters 4 restraints H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement Δρmax = 1.01 e Å−3 Δρmin = −0.58 e Å−3 Data collection: DIFRAC (Gabe et al., 1993 ▶); cell refinement: DIFRAC; data reduction: NRCVAX (Gabe et al., 1989 ▶); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1999 ▶); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97. Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809012811/zl2182sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809012811/zl2182Isup2.hkl Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C25H35N32+·2Br·H2OZ = 2
Mr = 555.40F(000) = 572
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.417 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Melting point: 501 K
a = 10.594 (4) ÅMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 10.800 (3) ÅCell parameters from 23 reflections
c = 13.193 (4) Åθ = 4.5–7.8°
α = 66.48 (4)°µ = 3.13 mm1
β = 70.26 (4)°T = 294 K
γ = 80.58 (3)°Block, colourless
V = 1302.0 (9) Å30.50 × 0.46 × 0.40 mm
Enraf–Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer2966 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tubeRint = 0.007
graphiteθmax = 25.6°, θmin = 1.8°
ω/2θ scansh = −12→12
Absorption correction: for a sphere (Farrugia, 1999)k = −4→13
Tmin = 0.303, Tmax = 0.367l = −14→15
4856 measured reflections3 standard reflections every 300 reflections
4745 independent reflections intensity decay: 2.7%
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.065Hydrogen site location: mixed
wR(F2) = 0.203H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.09w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.12P)2 + 0.3033P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
4745 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
300 parametersΔρmax = 1.01 e Å3
4 restraintsΔρmin = −0.58 e Å3
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Br10.05853 (7)0.78890 (7)0.34382 (7)0.0653 (3)
Br20.53218 (8)0.62059 (8)0.28647 (7)0.0652 (3)
O10.3386 (6)0.7953 (7)0.1251 (4)0.0685 (14)
H1O10.272 (4)0.815 (8)0.170 (4)0.07 (3)*
H1O20.397 (5)0.764 (8)0.157 (5)0.07 (3)*
N10.3013 (5)0.4016 (4)0.4497 (4)0.0341 (10)
H1N0.383 (3)0.438 (6)0.413 (5)0.056 (19)*
N20.3043 (4)0.0868 (4)0.1764 (4)0.0308 (9)
N30.1566 (4)0.2120 (4)0.0972 (4)0.0336 (10)
C10.3488 (5)0.1091 (5)0.3941 (5)0.0326 (11)
C20.4293 (5)0.0520 (5)0.3132 (4)0.0303 (11)
C30.5697 (5)0.0588 (5)0.2778 (5)0.0339 (12)
C40.6263 (5)0.1238 (5)0.3225 (5)0.0342 (12)
H40.71930.12540.30100.041*
C50.5505 (5)0.1865 (5)0.3978 (4)0.0301 (11)
C60.4093 (5)0.1809 (5)0.4329 (4)0.0305 (11)
C70.3254 (5)0.2517 (5)0.5130 (5)0.0341 (12)
H7A0.36990.24080.56940.041*
H7B0.23950.20890.55480.041*
C80.2255 (6)0.4298 (6)0.3664 (5)0.0455 (14)
H8A0.26430.37720.31870.068*
H8B0.22940.52410.31830.068*
H8C0.13360.40640.40810.068*
C90.2247 (6)0.4663 (6)0.5380 (6)0.0473 (15)
H9A0.21310.56160.49840.071*
H9B0.27450.45110.59090.071*
H9C0.13840.42670.58020.071*
C100.1998 (5)0.0854 (6)0.4431 (5)0.0398 (13)
H10A0.15370.15550.39480.060*
H10B0.16780.08640.52010.060*
H10C0.1833−0.00060.44550.060*
C110.6620 (6)−0.0024 (6)0.1924 (5)0.0444 (14)
H11A0.6464−0.09710.22150.067*
H11B0.75370.01000.18260.067*
H11C0.64440.04130.11910.067*
C120.6214 (6)0.2566 (6)0.4402 (5)0.0385 (12)
H12A0.60900.35260.40460.058*
H12B0.71540.23260.42020.058*
H12C0.58500.22920.52290.058*
C130.3650 (6)−0.0154 (5)0.2643 (5)0.0351 (12)
H13A0.4318−0.07070.22860.042*
H13B0.2960−0.07410.32650.042*
C140.1737 (5)0.1112 (5)0.1895 (4)0.0302 (11)
H140.10520.06440.25390.036*
C150.3735 (6)0.1725 (6)0.0688 (5)0.0421 (14)
H150.46630.17500.03710.050*
C160.2853 (6)0.2512 (6)0.0174 (5)0.0437 (14)
H160.30420.3187−0.05620.052*
C170.0284 (5)0.2702 (5)0.0807 (5)0.0350 (12)
C18−0.0477 (5)0.3458 (6)0.1462 (5)0.0378 (12)
C19−0.1741 (6)0.3945 (6)0.1334 (5)0.0417 (13)
H19−0.22710.44490.17640.050*
C20−0.2221 (5)0.3696 (6)0.0589 (5)0.0414 (13)
C21−0.1385 (6)0.3010 (6)−0.0093 (6)0.0489 (15)
H21−0.16820.2895−0.06360.059*
C22−0.0132 (6)0.2492 (6)−0.0001 (5)0.0423 (13)
C230.0000 (7)0.3743 (7)0.2297 (6)0.0521 (16)
H23A−0.03640.46030.23340.078*
H23B0.09630.37570.20370.078*
H23C−0.02920.30500.30520.078*
C24−0.3623 (7)0.4168 (8)0.0498 (8)0.066 (2)
H24A−0.41660.43230.11870.099*
H24B−0.40160.34880.04130.099*
H24C−0.35750.4993−0.01640.099*
C250.0750 (8)0.1756 (9)−0.0766 (8)0.073 (2)
H25A0.02580.1644−0.12150.109*
H25B0.10220.0886−0.02930.109*
H25C0.15290.2271−0.12780.109*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Br10.0458 (4)0.0520 (4)0.0827 (6)−0.0118 (3)0.0013 (3)−0.0227 (4)
Br20.0657 (5)0.0598 (5)0.0600 (5)−0.0090 (3)−0.0138 (4)−0.0137 (4)
O10.058 (3)0.106 (4)0.053 (3)−0.005 (3)−0.016 (3)−0.039 (3)
N10.036 (2)0.034 (2)0.040 (3)−0.0018 (19)−0.012 (2)−0.020 (2)
N20.037 (2)0.028 (2)0.032 (2)0.0007 (18)−0.0126 (19)−0.0136 (19)
N30.033 (2)0.034 (2)0.030 (2)−0.0029 (18)−0.0117 (19)−0.0063 (19)
C10.031 (3)0.030 (3)0.034 (3)−0.004 (2)−0.010 (2)−0.009 (2)
C20.035 (3)0.024 (2)0.033 (3)−0.004 (2)−0.012 (2)−0.008 (2)
C30.036 (3)0.026 (3)0.037 (3)0.003 (2)−0.011 (2)−0.009 (2)
C40.028 (3)0.030 (3)0.042 (3)−0.003 (2)−0.012 (2)−0.009 (2)
C50.037 (3)0.022 (2)0.033 (3)−0.004 (2)−0.019 (2)−0.003 (2)
C60.037 (3)0.028 (3)0.027 (3)−0.006 (2)−0.011 (2)−0.007 (2)
C70.042 (3)0.032 (3)0.031 (3)−0.001 (2)−0.014 (2)−0.011 (2)
C80.061 (4)0.035 (3)0.050 (4)0.004 (3)−0.036 (3)−0.012 (3)
C90.051 (3)0.044 (3)0.056 (4)0.004 (3)−0.011 (3)−0.033 (3)
C100.034 (3)0.047 (3)0.048 (3)0.000 (2)−0.013 (3)−0.027 (3)
C110.037 (3)0.050 (3)0.053 (4)0.000 (3)−0.009 (3)−0.030 (3)
C120.042 (3)0.034 (3)0.046 (3)−0.007 (2)−0.018 (3)−0.015 (3)
C130.043 (3)0.027 (3)0.040 (3)0.001 (2)−0.020 (2)−0.013 (2)
C140.027 (3)0.033 (3)0.029 (3)−0.007 (2)−0.007 (2)−0.009 (2)
C150.029 (3)0.052 (3)0.033 (3)−0.004 (3)−0.005 (2)−0.007 (3)
C160.037 (3)0.052 (3)0.033 (3)−0.012 (3)−0.008 (2)−0.005 (3)
C170.033 (3)0.036 (3)0.033 (3)−0.005 (2)−0.010 (2)−0.009 (2)
C180.039 (3)0.037 (3)0.033 (3)−0.004 (2)−0.011 (2)−0.009 (2)
C190.040 (3)0.037 (3)0.039 (3)0.001 (2)−0.010 (3)−0.008 (3)
C200.034 (3)0.036 (3)0.051 (4)−0.006 (2)−0.017 (3)−0.007 (3)
C210.054 (4)0.047 (3)0.056 (4)−0.004 (3)−0.034 (3)−0.013 (3)
C220.045 (3)0.043 (3)0.045 (3)−0.003 (3)−0.019 (3)−0.017 (3)
C230.050 (4)0.067 (4)0.045 (4)0.007 (3)−0.018 (3)−0.027 (3)
C240.049 (4)0.057 (4)0.099 (6)0.004 (3)−0.044 (4)−0.021 (4)
C250.075 (5)0.090 (6)0.084 (6)0.022 (4)−0.042 (4)−0.059 (5)
O1—H1O10.81 (6)C10—H10C0.9600
O1—H1O20.82 (6)C11—H11A0.9600
N1—C81.482 (7)C11—H11B0.9600
N1—C71.521 (7)C11—H11C0.9600
N1—C91.526 (7)C12—H12A0.9600
N1—H1N0.90 (5)C12—H12B0.9600
N2—C141.330 (6)C12—H12C0.9600
N2—C151.371 (7)C13—H13A0.9700
N2—C131.492 (7)C13—H13B0.9700
N3—C141.314 (6)C14—H140.9300
N3—C161.418 (7)C15—C161.328 (8)
N3—C171.449 (7)C15—H150.9300
C1—C61.405 (7)C16—H160.9300
C1—C21.409 (7)C17—C221.387 (8)
C1—C101.512 (7)C17—C181.393 (8)
C2—C31.406 (7)C18—C191.396 (8)
C2—C131.497 (7)C18—C231.503 (8)
C3—C41.380 (8)C19—C201.376 (9)
C3—C111.517 (7)C19—H190.9300
C4—C51.382 (7)C20—C211.386 (9)
C4—H40.9300C20—C241.518 (8)
C5—C61.412 (7)C21—C221.379 (8)
C5—C121.503 (7)C21—H210.9300
C6—C71.510 (7)C22—C251.511 (9)
C7—H7A0.9700C23—H23A0.9600
C7—H7B0.9700C23—H23B0.9600
C8—H8A0.9600C23—H23C0.9600
C8—H8B0.9600C24—H24A0.9600
C8—H8C0.9600C24—H24B0.9600
C9—H9A0.9600C24—H24C0.9600
C9—H9B0.9600C25—H25A0.9600
C9—H9C0.9600C25—H25B0.9600
C10—H10A0.9600C25—H25C0.9600
C10—H10B0.9600
H1O1—O1—H1O2109 (6)H11A—C11—H11C109.5
C8—N1—C7113.5 (4)H11B—C11—H11C109.5
C8—N1—C9108.8 (4)C5—C12—H12A109.5
C7—N1—C9109.4 (4)C5—C12—H12B109.5
C8—N1—H1N111 (4)H12A—C12—H12B109.5
C7—N1—H1N107 (4)C5—C12—H12C109.5
C9—N1—H1N108 (4)H12A—C12—H12C109.5
C14—N2—C15108.3 (4)H12B—C12—H12C109.5
C14—N2—C13125.8 (4)N2—C13—C2110.9 (4)
C15—N2—C13125.9 (4)N2—C13—H13A109.5
C14—N3—C16107.7 (4)C2—C13—H13A109.5
C14—N3—C17125.5 (4)N2—C13—H13B109.5
C16—N3—C17126.7 (4)C2—C13—H13B109.5
C6—C1—C2119.5 (5)H13A—C13—H13B108.1
C6—C1—C10120.9 (5)N3—C14—N2109.3 (4)
C2—C1—C10119.5 (5)N3—C14—H14125.3
C3—C2—C1120.1 (5)N2—C14—H14125.3
C3—C2—C13120.0 (5)C16—C15—N2108.4 (5)
C1—C2—C13119.9 (5)C16—C15—H15125.8
C4—C3—C2118.8 (5)N2—C15—H15125.8
C4—C3—C11118.5 (5)C15—C16—N3106.2 (5)
C2—C3—C11122.7 (5)C15—C16—H16126.9
C3—C4—C5122.7 (5)N3—C16—H16126.9
C3—C4—H4118.6C22—C17—C18122.7 (5)
C5—C4—H4118.6C22—C17—N3118.7 (5)
C4—C5—C6118.7 (5)C18—C17—N3118.6 (5)
C4—C5—C12118.8 (5)C17—C18—C19117.4 (5)
C6—C5—C12122.6 (5)C17—C18—C23122.8 (5)
C1—C6—C5120.0 (4)C19—C18—C23119.7 (5)
C1—C6—C7120.9 (5)C20—C19—C18121.6 (5)
C5—C6—C7119.1 (4)C20—C19—H19119.2
C6—C7—N1113.2 (4)C18—C19—H19119.2
C6—C7—H7A108.9C19—C20—C21118.3 (5)
N1—C7—H7A108.9C19—C20—C24121.4 (6)
C6—C7—H7B108.9C21—C20—C24120.4 (6)
N1—C7—H7B108.9C22—C21—C20122.9 (6)
H7A—C7—H7B107.8C22—C21—H21118.6
N1—C8—H8A109.5C20—C21—H21118.6
N1—C8—H8B109.5C21—C22—C17116.9 (5)
H8A—C8—H8B109.5C21—C22—C25121.1 (6)
N1—C8—H8C109.5C17—C22—C25122.0 (5)
H8A—C8—H8C109.5C18—C23—H23A109.5
H8B—C8—H8C109.5C18—C23—H23B109.5
N1—C9—H9A109.5H23A—C23—H23B109.5
N1—C9—H9B109.5C18—C23—H23C109.5
H9A—C9—H9B109.5H23A—C23—H23C109.5
N1—C9—H9C109.5H23B—C23—H23C109.5
H9A—C9—H9C109.5C20—C24—H24A109.5
H9B—C9—H9C109.5C20—C24—H24B109.5
C1—C10—H10A109.5H24A—C24—H24B109.5
C1—C10—H10B109.5C20—C24—H24C109.5
H10A—C10—H10B109.5H24A—C24—H24C109.5
C1—C10—H10C109.5H24B—C24—H24C109.5
H10A—C10—H10C109.5C22—C25—H25A109.5
H10B—C10—H10C109.5C22—C25—H25B109.5
C3—C11—H11A109.5H25A—C25—H25B109.5
C3—C11—H11B109.5C22—C25—H25C109.5
H11A—C11—H11B109.5H25A—C25—H25C109.5
C3—C11—H11C109.5H25B—C25—H25C109.5
C6—C1—C2—C34.4 (7)C17—N3—C14—N2−178.2 (5)
C10—C1—C2—C3−172.1 (5)C15—N2—C14—N3−2.5 (6)
C6—C1—C2—C13−175.3 (5)C13—N2—C14—N3176.9 (4)
C10—C1—C2—C138.2 (7)C14—N2—C15—C161.5 (6)
C1—C2—C3—C4−0.9 (7)C13—N2—C15—C16−177.9 (5)
C13—C2—C3—C4178.8 (5)N2—C15—C16—N30.0 (7)
C1—C2—C3—C11179.1 (5)C14—N3—C16—C15−1.5 (6)
C13—C2—C3—C11−1.3 (8)C17—N3—C16—C15179.2 (5)
C2—C3—C4—C5−2.2 (8)C14—N3—C17—C22−110.0 (6)
C11—C3—C4—C5177.8 (5)C16—N3—C17—C2269.2 (7)
C3—C4—C5—C61.7 (8)C14—N3—C17—C1870.5 (7)
C3—C4—C5—C12−179.0 (5)C16—N3—C17—C18−110.3 (6)
C2—C1—C6—C5−4.9 (7)C22—C17—C18—C194.0 (8)
C10—C1—C6—C5171.5 (5)N3—C17—C18—C19−176.5 (5)
C2—C1—C6—C7175.7 (4)C22—C17—C18—C23−177.0 (6)
C10—C1—C6—C7−7.9 (8)N3—C17—C18—C232.5 (8)
C4—C5—C6—C11.9 (7)C17—C18—C19—C20−0.3 (8)
C12—C5—C6—C1−177.4 (5)C23—C18—C19—C20−179.3 (6)
C4—C5—C6—C7−178.6 (5)C18—C19—C20—C21−3.7 (9)
C12—C5—C6—C72.1 (7)C18—C19—C20—C24176.9 (6)
C1—C6—C7—N1−97.4 (6)C19—C20—C21—C224.4 (9)
C5—C6—C7—N183.1 (6)C24—C20—C21—C22−176.3 (6)
C8—N1—C7—C662.4 (6)C20—C21—C22—C17−0.9 (9)
C9—N1—C7—C6−175.9 (4)C20—C21—C22—C25−179.7 (7)
C14—N2—C13—C2−109.4 (6)C18—C17—C22—C21−3.4 (9)
C15—N2—C13—C269.9 (6)N3—C17—C22—C21177.1 (5)
C3—C2—C13—N2−104.4 (5)C18—C17—C22—C25175.4 (6)
C1—C2—C13—N275.3 (6)N3—C17—C22—C25−4.1 (9)
C16—N3—C14—N22.5 (6)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O1—H1O1···Br10.81 (6)2.58 (3)3.355 (6)160 (8)
O1—H1O2···Br20.82 (6)2.49 (6)3.283 (6)165 (7)
N1—H1N···Br20.90 (5)2.40 (3)3.238 (5)154 (6)
C9—H9B···Br2i0.962.853.792 (7)167
C12—H12A···Br20.962.823.765 (7)168
C14—H14···Br1ii0.932.793.436 (6)128
C16—H16···Br2iii0.932.813.597 (6)143
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯AD—HH⋯ADAD—H⋯A
O1—H1O1⋯Br10.81 (6)2.58 (3)3.355 (6)160 (8)
O1—H1O2⋯Br20.82 (6)2.49 (6)3.283 (6)165 (7)
N1—H1N⋯Br20.90 (5)2.40 (3)3.238 (5)154 (6)
C9—H9B⋯Br2i0.962.853.792 (7)167
C12—H12A⋯Br20.962.823.765 (7)168
C14—H14⋯Br1ii0.932.793.436 (6)128
C16—H16⋯Br2iii0.932.813.597 (6)143

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .

  6 in total

1.  Unusual reactivity of a nickel N-heterocyclic carbene complex: tert-butyl group cleavage and silicone grease activation.

Authors:  Stephen Caddick; F Geoffrey N Cloke; Peter B Hitchcock; Alexandra K de K Lewis
Journal:  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl       Date:  2004-11-05       Impact factor: 15.336

Review 2.  Heterocyclic carbenes.

Authors:  F Ekkehardt Hahn
Journal:  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl       Date:  2006-02-20       Impact factor: 15.336

3.  A short history of SHELX.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr A       Date:  2007-12-21       Impact factor: 2.290

4.  Comparison of steric and electronic requirements for C-C and C-H bond activation. Chelating vs nonchelating case.

Authors:  B Rybtchinski; S Oevers; M Montag; A Vigalok; H Rozenberg; J M Martin; D Milstein
Journal:  J Am Chem Soc       Date:  2001-09-19       Impact factor: 15.419

5.  Coordination features of bis(N-heterocyclic carbenes) and bis(oxazolines) with 1,3-alkylidene-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene spacers. Synthesis of the ligands and silver and palladium complexes.

Authors:  Ermitas Alcalde; Rosa M Ceder; Cristina López; Neus Mesquida; Guillermo Muller; Sandra Rodríguez
Journal:  Dalton Trans       Date:  2007-04-30       Impact factor: 4.390

6.  The synthesis of a di-N-heterocyclic carbene-amido complex of palladium(II).

Authors:  Richard E Douthwaite; Jennifer Houghton; Benson M Kariuki
Journal:  Chem Commun (Camb)       Date:  2004-02-13       Impact factor: 6.222

  6 in total

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