| Literature DB >> 21581804 |
Fang-Fang Jian1, Song-Jiang Han.
Abstract
The title compound, [Ni(2)(C(12)H(12)N(2)O(4)S(3))(H(2)O)(4)]·2C(3)H(7)NO·3H(2)O, is made up of a centrosymmetric, bimetallic complex containing a 24-membered macrocyclic ring, two dimethyl-formamide and three water solvent mol-ecules. The Ni atom adopts a slightly distorted NiO(6) octahedral geometry arising from two O,O-bidentate ligands and two water molecules. There are inter-molecular O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N inter-actions in the crystal structure. One of the uncoordinated water molecules is diordered over two sets of sites of equal occupancy.Entities:
Year: 2009 PMID: 21581804 PMCID: PMC2968170 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808043699
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| [Ni2(C12H12N2O4S3)(H2O)4]·2C3H7NO·3H2O | |
| Triclinic, | |
| Hall symbol: -P 1 | Melting point: 554.6 K |
| Mo | |
| Cell parameters from 25 reflections | |
| θ = 4–14° | |
| α = 102.30 (3)° | µ = 1.16 mm−1 |
| β = 107.21 (1)° | |
| γ = 116.26 (3)° | Block, green |
| 0.23 × 0.20 × 0.16 mm |
| Enraf–Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer | |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 1.9° |
| graphite | |
| ω scans | |
| 6130 measured reflections | |
| 4039 independent reflections | 3 standard reflections every 100 reflections |
| 3498 reflections with | intensity decay: none |
| Refinement on | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites | |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| 4039 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 284 parameters | Δρmax = 0.47 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.60 e Å−3 |
| Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| Occ. (<1) | |||||
| Ni1 | 0.26742 (4) | 0.62302 (4) | 0.03339 (3) | 0.03044 (12) | |
| S1 | 0.57596 (10) | 0.85228 (10) | 0.50283 (7) | 0.0503 (2) | |
| S2 | 0.96862 (10) | 0.64320 (10) | 0.43743 (7) | 0.0517 (2) | |
| S5 | 0.70843 (10) | 0.70555 (9) | 0.37703 (7) | 0.0483 (2) | |
| O1 | 0.2162 (2) | 0.5835 (2) | 0.17277 (17) | 0.0363 (4) | |
| O2 | 0.4302 (3) | 0.8227 (2) | 0.15619 (19) | 0.0444 (5) | |
| O1W | 0.1000 (3) | 0.6732 (2) | −0.0185 (2) | 0.0483 (5) | |
| H1W1 | 0.0024 | 0.6117 | −0.0648 | 0.058* | |
| H2W1 | 0.1129 | 0.7547 | −0.0008 | 0.058* | |
| O3 | 0.8900 (2) | 0.5791 (2) | 0.08790 (18) | 0.0372 (4) | |
| O2W | 0.4322 (2) | 0.5712 (2) | 0.08969 (19) | 0.0413 (5) | |
| H1W2 | 0.4835 | 0.5644 | 0.1540 | 0.050* | |
| H2W2 | 0.4945 | 0.6091 | 0.0590 | 0.050* | |
| O4 | 0.6766 (2) | 0.3368 (2) | 0.10243 (18) | 0.0401 (5) | |
| N1 | 0.8243 (3) | 0.8407 (3) | 0.6137 (2) | 0.0542 (7) | |
| N2 | 0.9174 (3) | 0.7907 (3) | 0.5975 (2) | 0.0529 (7) | |
| C1 | 0.5014 (4) | 0.8636 (3) | 0.2726 (3) | 0.0396 (7) | |
| C2 | 0.4545 (3) | 0.7796 (3) | 0.3404 (3) | 0.0375 (6) | |
| C3 | 0.3124 (3) | 0.6462 (3) | 0.2874 (3) | 0.0359 (6) | |
| C4 | 0.6446 (5) | 1.0111 (4) | 0.3393 (4) | 0.0639 (10) | |
| H4A | 0.6582 | 1.0525 | 0.2795 | 0.096* | |
| H4B | 0.7353 | 1.0081 | 0.3800 | 0.096* | |
| H4C | 0.6324 | 1.0672 | 0.4012 | 0.096* | |
| C5 | 0.2640 (4) | 0.5707 (4) | 0.3676 (3) | 0.0580 (9) | |
| H5A | 0.1646 | 0.4824 | 0.3160 | 0.087* | |
| H5B | 0.2543 | 0.6286 | 0.4303 | 0.087* | |
| H5C | 0.3419 | 0.5524 | 0.4081 | 0.087* | |
| C6 | 0.7117 (4) | 0.8037 (3) | 0.5087 (3) | 0.0412 (7) | |
| C7 | 0.8711 (4) | 0.7194 (3) | 0.4804 (3) | 0.0410 (7) | |
| C8 | 0.9326 (3) | 0.6343 (3) | 0.2039 (3) | 0.0370 (6) | |
| C9 | 0.8698 (3) | 0.5594 (3) | 0.2722 (3) | 0.0376 (6) | |
| C10 | 0.7436 (3) | 0.4150 (3) | 0.2166 (3) | 0.0364 (6) | |
| C11 | 1.0570 (4) | 0.7901 (3) | 0.2674 (3) | 0.0622 (10) | |
| H11A | 1.0861 | 0.8227 | 0.2069 | 0.093* | |
| H11B | 1.1477 | 0.8063 | 0.3335 | 0.093* | |
| H11C | 1.0169 | 0.8410 | 0.3025 | 0.093* | |
| C12 | 0.6796 (5) | 0.3461 (4) | 0.2957 (3) | 0.0558 (9) | |
| H12A | 0.5956 | 0.2490 | 0.2436 | 0.084* | |
| H12B | 0.6404 | 0.3956 | 0.3341 | 0.084* | |
| H12C | 0.7617 | 0.3495 | 0.3600 | 0.084* | |
| O5 | 0.3257 (3) | 0.2918 (3) | −0.0367 (3) | 0.0627 (7) | |
| N6 | 0.2517 (4) | 0.1686 (4) | 0.0772 (4) | 0.0702 (9) | |
| C13 | 0.2358 (8) | 0.2730 (6) | 0.1515 (6) | 0.110 (2) | |
| H13A | 0.2517 | 0.3453 | 0.1194 | 0.165* | |
| H13B | 0.3128 | 0.3150 | 0.2376 | 0.165* | |
| H13C | 0.1322 | 0.2280 | 0.1469 | 0.165* | |
| C14 | 0.2237 (8) | 0.0463 (5) | 0.1088 (6) | 0.1039 (18) | |
| H14A | 0.2292 | −0.0190 | 0.0491 | 0.156* | |
| H14B | 0.1214 | −0.0001 | 0.1063 | 0.156* | |
| H14C | 0.3023 | 0.0774 | 0.1918 | 0.156* | |
| C15 | 0.2982 (5) | 0.1897 (4) | −0.0082 (4) | 0.0663 (11) | |
| H15A | 0.2931 | 0.1006 | −0.0592 | 0.079* | |
| O3W | 0.8641 (5) | 0.1907 (5) | 0.1821 (4) | 0.1309 (16) | |
| H1W3 | 0.9173 | 0.1787 | 0.2412 | 0.157* | |
| H2W3 | 0.8417 | 0.2476 | 0.2148 | 0.157* | |
| O4W | 0.4494 (6) | −0.0168 (7) | −0.0250 (7) | 0.089 (2) | 0.50 |
| H1W4 | 0.3783 | −0.0739 | −0.0101 | 0.107* | 0.50 |
| H2W4 | 0.4044 | −0.0037 | −0.0875 | 0.107* | 0.50 |
| Ni1 | 0.0302 (2) | 0.0303 (2) | 0.02522 (19) | 0.01252 (15) | 0.01182 (15) | 0.01108 (14) |
| S1 | 0.0508 (5) | 0.0655 (5) | 0.0274 (4) | 0.0360 (4) | 0.0116 (3) | 0.0044 (4) |
| S2 | 0.0520 (5) | 0.0692 (6) | 0.0281 (4) | 0.0411 (5) | 0.0063 (3) | 0.0073 (4) |
| S5 | 0.0499 (5) | 0.0640 (5) | 0.0237 (4) | 0.0367 (4) | 0.0069 (3) | 0.0057 (3) |
| O1 | 0.0323 (10) | 0.0410 (11) | 0.0295 (10) | 0.0144 (9) | 0.0148 (8) | 0.0145 (9) |
| O2 | 0.0502 (13) | 0.0328 (11) | 0.0331 (11) | 0.0141 (10) | 0.0126 (10) | 0.0118 (9) |
| O1W | 0.0495 (13) | 0.0527 (13) | 0.0606 (14) | 0.0344 (11) | 0.0284 (11) | 0.0324 (11) |
| O3 | 0.0346 (10) | 0.0328 (10) | 0.0341 (11) | 0.0126 (9) | 0.0138 (9) | 0.0116 (9) |
| O2W | 0.0397 (11) | 0.0540 (13) | 0.0381 (11) | 0.0274 (10) | 0.0205 (9) | 0.0226 (10) |
| O4 | 0.0414 (11) | 0.0387 (11) | 0.0293 (11) | 0.0135 (9) | 0.0155 (9) | 0.0138 (9) |
| N1 | 0.0613 (18) | 0.0711 (19) | 0.0285 (14) | 0.0439 (16) | 0.0124 (13) | 0.0096 (13) |
| N2 | 0.0566 (17) | 0.0703 (19) | 0.0276 (13) | 0.0420 (16) | 0.0089 (12) | 0.0090 (13) |
| C1 | 0.0405 (16) | 0.0349 (15) | 0.0353 (16) | 0.0201 (13) | 0.0132 (13) | 0.0062 (13) |
| C2 | 0.0397 (16) | 0.0431 (16) | 0.0258 (14) | 0.0239 (14) | 0.0119 (12) | 0.0077 (12) |
| C3 | 0.0388 (16) | 0.0457 (16) | 0.0306 (15) | 0.0266 (14) | 0.0181 (13) | 0.0155 (13) |
| C4 | 0.061 (2) | 0.0381 (18) | 0.053 (2) | 0.0113 (17) | 0.0108 (18) | 0.0078 (16) |
| C5 | 0.059 (2) | 0.071 (2) | 0.0419 (19) | 0.0280 (19) | 0.0273 (17) | 0.0299 (18) |
| C6 | 0.0438 (17) | 0.0480 (18) | 0.0274 (15) | 0.0252 (15) | 0.0131 (13) | 0.0105 (13) |
| C7 | 0.0420 (16) | 0.0460 (17) | 0.0269 (15) | 0.0235 (14) | 0.0093 (13) | 0.0100 (13) |
| C8 | 0.0336 (15) | 0.0366 (15) | 0.0350 (16) | 0.0193 (13) | 0.0112 (12) | 0.0098 (13) |
| C9 | 0.0381 (16) | 0.0434 (16) | 0.0263 (14) | 0.0242 (14) | 0.0090 (12) | 0.0085 (12) |
| C10 | 0.0410 (16) | 0.0472 (17) | 0.0290 (15) | 0.0275 (14) | 0.0164 (13) | 0.0192 (13) |
| C11 | 0.061 (2) | 0.0355 (18) | 0.052 (2) | 0.0108 (17) | 0.0151 (18) | 0.0028 (15) |
| C12 | 0.071 (2) | 0.062 (2) | 0.0417 (18) | 0.0329 (19) | 0.0325 (18) | 0.0279 (17) |
| O5 | 0.0641 (16) | 0.0535 (15) | 0.095 (2) | 0.0349 (13) | 0.0507 (15) | 0.0428 (14) |
| N6 | 0.076 (2) | 0.062 (2) | 0.094 (3) | 0.0371 (18) | 0.052 (2) | 0.0472 (19) |
| C13 | 0.160 (6) | 0.112 (4) | 0.141 (5) | 0.095 (4) | 0.115 (5) | 0.077 (4) |
| C14 | 0.151 (5) | 0.073 (3) | 0.122 (4) | 0.061 (3) | 0.082 (4) | 0.064 (3) |
| C15 | 0.071 (3) | 0.052 (2) | 0.087 (3) | 0.033 (2) | 0.045 (2) | 0.031 (2) |
| O3W | 0.143 (4) | 0.201 (5) | 0.117 (3) | 0.117 (4) | 0.066 (3) | 0.113 (3) |
| O4W | 0.063 (5) | 0.068 (4) | 0.109 (6) | 0.023 (5) | 0.018 (4) | 0.046 (4) |
| Ni1—O4i | 1.9851 (19) | C4—H4C | 0.9600 |
| Ni1—O2 | 1.992 (2) | C5—H5A | 0.9600 |
| Ni1—O3i | 1.998 (2) | C5—H5B | 0.9600 |
| Ni1—O1 | 2.0029 (19) | C5—H5C | 0.9600 |
| Ni1—O2W | 2.060 (2) | C8—C9 | 1.411 (4) |
| Ni1—O1W | 2.065 (2) | C8—C11 | 1.500 (4) |
| S1—C6 | 1.745 (3) | C9—C10 | 1.419 (4) |
| S1—C2 | 1.756 (3) | C10—C12 | 1.496 (4) |
| S2—C7 | 1.739 (3) | C11—H11A | 0.9600 |
| S2—C9 | 1.757 (3) | C11—H11B | 0.9600 |
| S5—C7 | 1.720 (3) | C11—H11C | 0.9600 |
| S5—C6 | 1.728 (3) | C12—H12A | 0.9600 |
| O1—C3 | 1.256 (3) | C12—H12B | 0.9600 |
| O2—C1 | 1.248 (4) | C12—H12C | 0.9600 |
| O1W—H1W1 | 0.8500 | O5—C15 | 1.228 (4) |
| O1W—H2W1 | 0.8500 | N6—C15 | 1.295 (5) |
| O3—C8 | 1.256 (3) | N6—C13 | 1.443 (6) |
| O3—Ni1i | 1.998 (2) | N6—C14 | 1.460 (5) |
| O2W—H1W2 | 0.8500 | C13—H13A | 0.9600 |
| O2W—H2W2 | 0.8501 | C13—H13B | 0.9600 |
| O4—C10 | 1.247 (3) | C13—H13C | 0.9600 |
| O4—Ni1i | 1.9851 (19) | C14—H14A | 0.9600 |
| N1—C6 | 1.284 (4) | C14—H14B | 0.9600 |
| N1—N2 | 1.381 (4) | C14—H14C | 0.9600 |
| N2—C7 | 1.290 (4) | C15—H15A | 1.0463 |
| C1—C2 | 1.418 (4) | O3W—H1W3 | 0.8498 |
| C1—C4 | 1.495 (5) | O3W—H2W3 | 0.8500 |
| C2—C3 | 1.410 (4) | O4W—O4Wii | 0.901 (10) |
| C3—C5 | 1.490 (4) | O4W—H1W4 | 0.8500 |
| C4—H4A | 0.9600 | O4W—H2W4 | 0.8500 |
| C4—H4B | 0.9600 | ||
| O4i—Ni1—O2 | 91.40 (9) | H5B—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
| O4i—Ni1—O3i | 88.63 (9) | N1—C6—S5 | 114.8 (2) |
| O2—Ni1—O3i | 177.92 (9) | N1—C6—S1 | 121.4 (2) |
| O4i—Ni1—O1 | 178.59 (8) | S5—C6—S1 | 123.82 (17) |
| O2—Ni1—O1 | 87.98 (9) | N2—C7—S5 | 114.7 (2) |
| O3i—Ni1—O1 | 91.95 (9) | N2—C7—S2 | 120.5 (2) |
| O4i—Ni1—O2W | 91.54 (9) | S5—C7—S2 | 124.88 (17) |
| O2—Ni1—O2W | 88.80 (9) | O3—C8—C9 | 124.0 (3) |
| O3i—Ni1—O2W | 89.12 (9) | O3—C8—C11 | 114.9 (3) |
| O1—Ni1—O2W | 87.18 (8) | C9—C8—C11 | 121.0 (3) |
| O4i—Ni1—O1W | 90.39 (9) | C8—C9—C10 | 124.1 (3) |
| O2—Ni1—O1W | 91.24 (10) | C8—C9—S2 | 117.8 (2) |
| O3i—Ni1—O1W | 90.85 (10) | C10—C9—S2 | 117.7 (2) |
| O1—Ni1—O1W | 90.90 (9) | O4—C10—C9 | 124.8 (3) |
| O2W—Ni1—O1W | 178.07 (8) | O4—C10—C12 | 114.8 (3) |
| C6—S1—C2 | 102.53 (14) | C9—C10—C12 | 120.4 (3) |
| C7—S2—C9 | 105.44 (14) | C8—C11—H11A | 109.5 |
| C7—S5—C6 | 86.11 (15) | C8—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
| C3—O1—Ni1 | 124.99 (18) | H11A—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
| C1—O2—Ni1 | 126.2 (2) | C8—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| Ni1—O1W—H1W1 | 123.7 | H11A—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| Ni1—O1W—H2W1 | 128.6 | H11B—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
| H1W1—O1W—H2W1 | 107.7 | C10—C12—H12A | 109.5 |
| C8—O3—Ni1i | 128.97 (19) | C10—C12—H12B | 109.5 |
| Ni1—O2W—H1W2 | 139.2 | H12A—C12—H12B | 109.5 |
| Ni1—O2W—H2W2 | 104.0 | C10—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
| H1W2—O2W—H2W2 | 107.7 | H12A—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
| C10—O4—Ni1i | 128.75 (19) | H12B—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
| C6—N1—N2 | 112.1 (3) | C15—N6—C13 | 120.0 (4) |
| C7—N2—N1 | 112.3 (3) | C15—N6—C14 | 122.7 (4) |
| O2—C1—C2 | 124.1 (3) | C13—N6—C14 | 117.2 (4) |
| O2—C1—C4 | 115.3 (3) | N6—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
| C2—C1—C4 | 120.6 (3) | N6—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
| C3—C2—C1 | 124.2 (3) | H13A—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
| C3—C2—S1 | 118.3 (2) | N6—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
| C1—C2—S1 | 117.4 (2) | H13A—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
| O1—C3—C2 | 124.1 (3) | H13B—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
| O1—C3—C5 | 114.9 (3) | N6—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
| C2—C3—C5 | 120.9 (3) | N6—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
| C1—C4—H4A | 109.5 | H14A—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
| C1—C4—H4B | 109.5 | N6—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
| H4A—C4—H4B | 109.5 | H14A—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
| C1—C4—H4C | 109.5 | H14B—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
| H4A—C4—H4C | 109.5 | O5—C15—N6 | 125.1 (4) |
| H4B—C4—H4C | 109.5 | O5—C15—H15A | 123.6 |
| C3—C5—H5A | 109.5 | N6—C15—H15A | 110.6 |
| C3—C5—H5B | 109.5 | H1W3—O3W—H2W3 | 107.7 |
| H5A—C5—H5B | 109.5 | O4Wii—O4W—H1W4 | 118.3 |
| C3—C5—H5C | 109.5 | O4Wii—O4W—H2W4 | 134.0 |
| H5A—C5—H5C | 109.5 | H1W4—O4W—H2W4 | 107.7 |
| O2—Ni1—O1—C3 | −29.7 (2) | C7—S5—C6—S1 | −179.8 (2) |
| O3i—Ni1—O1—C3 | 148.2 (2) | C2—S1—C6—N1 | 178.6 (3) |
| O2W—Ni1—O1—C3 | 59.2 (2) | C2—S1—C6—S5 | −0.7 (3) |
| O1W—Ni1—O1—C3 | −121.0 (2) | N1—N2—C7—S5 | 0.0 (4) |
| O4i—Ni1—O2—C1 | −151.7 (3) | N1—N2—C7—S2 | −178.8 (2) |
| O1—Ni1—O2—C1 | 27.1 (3) | C6—S5—C7—N2 | −0.4 (3) |
| O2W—Ni1—O2—C1 | −60.1 (3) | C6—S5—C7—S2 | 178.3 (2) |
| O1W—Ni1—O2—C1 | 117.9 (3) | C9—S2—C7—N2 | −179.4 (3) |
| C6—N1—N2—C7 | 0.7 (4) | C9—S2—C7—S5 | 1.9 (3) |
| Ni1—O2—C1—C2 | −14.5 (4) | Ni1i—O3—C8—C9 | −1.8 (4) |
| Ni1—O2—C1—C4 | 165.2 (2) | Ni1i—O3—C8—C11 | 178.8 (2) |
| O2—C1—C2—C3 | −7.7 (5) | O3—C8—C9—C10 | −4.6 (5) |
| C4—C1—C2—C3 | 172.7 (3) | C11—C8—C9—C10 | 174.8 (3) |
| O2—C1—C2—S1 | 176.6 (2) | O3—C8—C9—S2 | 167.6 (2) |
| C4—C1—C2—S1 | −3.0 (4) | C11—C8—C9—S2 | −13.0 (4) |
| C6—S1—C2—C3 | 96.7 (2) | C7—S2—C9—C8 | 96.1 (3) |
| C6—S1—C2—C1 | −87.3 (3) | C7—S2—C9—C10 | −91.2 (3) |
| Ni1—O1—C3—C2 | 20.1 (4) | Ni1i—O4—C10—C9 | 6.6 (4) |
| Ni1—O1—C3—C5 | −161.4 (2) | Ni1i—O4—C10—C12 | −174.2 (2) |
| C1—C2—C3—O1 | 4.4 (5) | C8—C9—C10—O4 | 2.1 (5) |
| S1—C2—C3—O1 | −179.9 (2) | S2—C9—C10—O4 | −170.1 (2) |
| C1—C2—C3—C5 | −173.9 (3) | C8—C9—C10—C12 | −177.1 (3) |
| S1—C2—C3—C5 | 1.7 (4) | S2—C9—C10—C12 | 10.7 (4) |
| N2—N1—C6—S5 | −1.1 (4) | C13—N6—C15—O5 | −3.0 (7) |
| N2—N1—C6—S1 | 179.6 (2) | C14—N6—C15—O5 | −178.7 (5) |
| C7—S5—C6—N1 | 0.9 (3) |
| H··· | ||||
| O1W—H1W1···O3iii | 0.85 | 2.48 | 2.817 (5) | 104 |
| O1W—H1W1···O1iv | 0.85 | 2.11 | 2.932 (2) | 162 |
| O3W—H1W3···N2v | 0.85 | 2.04 | 2.865 (6) | 164 |
| O2W—H2W2···O5i | 0.85 | 1.87 | 2.700 (4) | 164 |
Selected bond lengths (Å)
| Ni1—O4i | 1.9851 (19) |
| Ni1—O2 | 1.992 (2) |
| Ni1—O3i | 1.998 (2) |
| Ni1—O1 | 2.0029 (19) |
| Ni1—O2 | 2.060 (2) |
| Ni1—O1 | 2.065 (2) |
Symmetry code: (i) .
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O1 | 0.85 | 2.48 | 2.817 (5) | 104 |
| O1 | 0.85 | 2.11 | 2.932 (2) | 162 |
| O3 | 0.85 | 2.04 | 2.865 (6) | 164 |
| O2 | 0.85 | 1.87 | 2.700 (4) | 164 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) .