Literature DB >> 21577781

1-Benzyl-3,5-bis-(2-thienylmethyl-ene)-4-piperidone.

Ju-Feng Sun1, Hong-Juan Li.   

Abstract

In the title compound, C(22)H(19)NOS(2), the thio-phene rings form angles of 69.74 (18) and 65.56 (16)° with the benzene ring. The piperidone ring adopts a half-chair conformation due to the presence of the conjugated ketone systems. Both thio-phene rings are disordered over two orientations [occupancies of 0.758 (2)/0.242 (2) and 0.588 (2)/0.412 (2)] at 180° from one another. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-H⋯π and aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions [shortest centroid-centroid separation = 3.865 (3) Å] help to stabilize the packing.

Entities:  

Year:  2009        PMID: 21577781      PMCID: PMC2970328          DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809033923

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Related literature

For general background to 3,5-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone derivatives, see: Baluja et al. (1964 ▶). Benvenuto et al. (1993 ▶); Dimmock et al. (1983 ▶); Dimmock et al. (2003 ▶); El-Subbagh et al. (2000 ▶). For details of the synthesis, see: Pati et al. (2009 ▶).

Experimental

Crystal data

C22H19NOS2 M = 377.50 Triclinic, a = 5.7110 (11) Å b = 9.4072 (19) Å c = 17.338 (4) Å α = 87.82 (3)° β = 87.55 (3)° γ = 81.99 (3)° V = 921.1 (3) Å3 Z = 2 Mo Kα radiation μ = 0.30 mm−1 T = 113 K 0.19 × 0.16 × 0.10 mm

Data collection

Rigaku Saturn CCD area-detector diffractometer Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrystalClear; Rigaku/MSC, 2005 ▶) T min = 0.945, T max = 0.971 9377 measured reflections 4321 independent reflections 3660 reflections with I > 2σ(I) R int = 0.031

Refinement

R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)] = 0.039 wR(F 2) = 0.100 S = 1.05 4321 reflections 268 parameters 58 restraints H-atom parameters constrained Δρmax = 0.33 e Å−3 Δρmin = −0.23 e Å−3 Data collection: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2005 ▶); cell refinement: CrystalClear; data reduction: CrystalClear; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); software used to prepare material for publication: CrystalStructure (Rigaku/MSC, 2005 ▶). Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809033923/bg2287sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809033923/bg2287Isup2.hkl Additional supplementary materials: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C22H19NOS2Z = 2
Mr = 377.50F(000) = 396
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.361 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 5.7110 (11) ÅCell parameters from 2974 reflections
b = 9.4072 (19) Åθ = 2.3–27.4°
c = 17.338 (4) ŵ = 0.30 mm1
α = 87.82 (3)°T = 113 K
β = 87.55 (3)°Block, colorless
γ = 81.99 (3)°0.19 × 0.16 × 0.10 mm
V = 921.1 (3) Å3
Rigaku Saturn CCD area-detector diffractometer4321 independent reflections
Radiation source: rotating anode3660 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
confocalRint = 0.031
Detector resolution: 7.31 pixels mm-1θmax = 27.9°, θmin = 2.2°
ω and φ scansh = −7→7
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrystalClear; Rigaku/MSC, 2005)k = −11→12
Tmin = 0.945, Tmax = 0.971l = −22→22
9377 measured reflections
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.100w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0449P)2 + 0.2715P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.05(Δ/σ)max = 0.002
4321 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.33 e Å3
268 parametersΔρmin = −0.23 e Å3
58 restraintsExtinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction coefficient: 0.062 (7)
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
O10.10269 (17)1.04217 (11)0.40042 (6)0.0258 (2)
N10.6906 (2)0.83369 (11)0.29936 (6)0.0179 (2)
S10.62468 (11)1.24588 (7)0.15845 (4)0.02485 (18)0.757 (2)
C10.5420 (7)1.3962 (7)0.1016 (3)0.0266 (8)0.757 (2)
H10.64251.43370.06320.032*0.757 (2)
C20.3140 (7)1.4554 (5)0.1182 (4)0.0254 (7)0.757 (2)
H20.23571.53790.09200.031*0.757 (2)
C30.2069 (10)1.3777 (7)0.1801 (4)0.0271 (8)0.757 (2)
H30.04901.40400.19930.033*0.757 (2)
C40.3533 (11)1.2632 (9)0.2086 (6)0.0188 (9)0.757 (2)
S1'0.1590 (8)1.4029 (5)0.1772 (3)0.0271 (8)0.243 (2)
C1'0.351 (2)1.4701 (19)0.1149 (13)0.0254 (7)0.243 (2)
H1'0.31511.55560.08420.031*0.243 (2)
C2'0.563 (3)1.388 (2)0.1139 (13)0.0266 (8)0.243 (2)
H2'0.69291.40680.08080.032*0.243 (2)
C3'0.5729 (16)1.2660 (11)0.1688 (6)0.02485 (18)0.243 (2)
H3'0.71271.20210.17940.030*0.243 (2)
C4'0.357 (3)1.255 (3)0.2029 (19)0.0188 (9)0.243 (2)
C50.2893 (2)1.17132 (14)0.27215 (8)0.0193 (3)
H50.13371.19680.29350.023*
C60.4133 (2)1.05527 (14)0.30644 (7)0.0178 (3)
C70.3030 (2)0.99300 (14)0.37716 (8)0.0187 (3)
C80.4454 (2)0.87146 (14)0.41855 (7)0.0182 (3)
C90.6814 (2)0.81022 (14)0.38344 (7)0.0190 (3)
H9A0.80740.85580.40610.023*
H9B0.71130.70590.39600.023*
C100.6555 (2)0.98827 (14)0.27952 (8)0.0198 (3)
H10A0.67431.00310.22290.024*
H10B0.77671.03510.30410.024*
C110.3543 (2)0.82590 (14)0.48683 (7)0.0197 (3)
H110.20460.87650.50190.024*
S20.7205 (3)0.61663 (12)0.53477 (8)0.0240 (2)0.5857 (19)
C120.445 (3)0.716 (4)0.5395 (19)0.0203 (8)0.5857 (19)
C130.3181 (9)0.6735 (6)0.6021 (3)0.0232 (3)0.5857 (19)
H130.16060.71550.61450.028*0.5857 (19)
C140.4430 (6)0.5605 (3)0.64780 (19)0.0247 (7)0.5857 (19)
H140.38020.52000.69390.030*0.5857 (19)
C150.6667 (8)0.5177 (7)0.6164 (4)0.0290 (11)0.5857 (19)
H150.77660.44270.63750.035*0.5857 (19)
S2'0.3013 (3)0.64625 (16)0.61623 (9)0.0232 (3)0.4143 (19)
C12'0.469 (4)0.710 (6)0.540 (3)0.0203 (8)0.4143 (19)
C13'0.6958 (16)0.6399 (9)0.5400 (5)0.0240 (2)0.4143 (19)
H13'0.81820.66000.50410.029*0.4143 (19)
C14'0.7256 (14)0.5307 (11)0.6014 (6)0.0290 (11)0.4143 (19)
H14'0.87090.47040.60950.035*0.4143 (19)
C15'0.5303 (10)0.5224 (5)0.6456 (3)0.0247 (7)0.4143 (19)
H15'0.52020.45620.68800.030*0.4143 (19)
C160.9204 (2)0.76582 (15)0.26799 (8)0.0215 (3)
H16A0.94320.66280.28400.026*
H16B1.04790.81100.29000.026*
C170.9401 (2)0.77921 (14)0.18092 (8)0.0196 (3)
C181.1212 (3)0.84215 (15)0.14380 (9)0.0267 (3)
H181.23510.87800.17340.032*
C191.1376 (3)0.85323 (17)0.06335 (9)0.0342 (4)
H191.26260.89620.03830.041*
C200.9723 (3)0.80178 (18)0.02021 (9)0.0355 (4)
H200.98310.8093−0.03460.043*
C210.7906 (3)0.73904 (18)0.05690 (9)0.0329 (4)
H210.67640.70380.02720.039*
C220.7747 (3)0.72757 (16)0.13676 (8)0.0251 (3)
H220.64990.68410.16160.030*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O10.0185 (5)0.0275 (5)0.0292 (5)0.0011 (4)0.0057 (4)0.0033 (4)
N10.0179 (6)0.0160 (5)0.0182 (5)0.0023 (4)0.0023 (4)0.0001 (4)
S10.0206 (4)0.0249 (3)0.0266 (3)0.0014 (2)0.0062 (2)0.0067 (2)
C10.0339 (12)0.0242 (11)0.021 (2)−0.0028 (9)0.0019 (13)0.0046 (10)
C20.0331 (16)0.0182 (13)0.0241 (10)−0.0003 (12)−0.0031 (13)0.0014 (8)
C30.0295 (19)0.0229 (17)0.0278 (7)0.0002 (12)−0.0064 (11)0.0057 (9)
C40.0208 (7)0.0175 (12)0.0176 (17)−0.0004 (6)−0.0005 (6)−0.0038 (13)
S1'0.0295 (19)0.0229 (17)0.0278 (7)0.0002 (12)−0.0064 (11)0.0057 (9)
C1'0.0331 (16)0.0182 (13)0.0241 (10)−0.0003 (12)−0.0031 (13)0.0014 (8)
C2'0.0339 (12)0.0242 (11)0.021 (2)−0.0028 (9)0.0019 (13)0.0046 (10)
C3'0.0206 (4)0.0249 (3)0.0266 (3)0.0014 (2)0.0062 (2)0.0067 (2)
C4'0.0208 (7)0.0175 (12)0.0176 (17)−0.0004 (6)−0.0005 (6)−0.0038 (13)
C50.0174 (6)0.0186 (6)0.0218 (6)−0.0022 (5)0.0005 (5)−0.0015 (5)
C60.0170 (6)0.0171 (6)0.0194 (6)−0.0029 (5)0.0005 (5)−0.0030 (5)
C70.0178 (6)0.0168 (6)0.0214 (6)−0.0023 (5)0.0001 (5)−0.0029 (5)
C80.0185 (7)0.0174 (6)0.0193 (6)−0.0036 (5)−0.0007 (5)−0.0032 (5)
C90.0182 (6)0.0192 (6)0.0187 (6)−0.0002 (5)−0.0001 (5)0.0006 (5)
C100.0192 (7)0.0173 (6)0.0216 (6)0.0005 (5)0.0025 (5)0.0014 (5)
C110.0202 (7)0.0189 (6)0.0202 (6)−0.0031 (5)0.0001 (5)−0.0030 (5)
S20.0215 (5)0.0240 (5)0.0242 (4)0.0047 (3)−0.0041 (3)0.0019 (3)
C120.025 (3)0.019 (2)0.0171 (7)−0.004 (3)−0.002 (3)−0.0014 (8)
C130.0233 (5)0.0290 (7)0.0169 (7)−0.0053 (4)0.0021 (4)0.0048 (4)
C140.035 (2)0.0210 (17)0.0186 (8)−0.0037 (13)−0.0021 (14)0.0007 (11)
C150.041 (3)0.0247 (15)0.021 (3)0.000 (2)−0.010 (2)0.0045 (12)
S2'0.0233 (5)0.0290 (7)0.0169 (7)−0.0053 (4)0.0021 (4)0.0048 (4)
C12'0.025 (3)0.019 (2)0.0171 (7)−0.004 (3)−0.002 (3)−0.0014 (8)
C13'0.0215 (5)0.0240 (5)0.0242 (4)0.0047 (3)−0.0041 (3)0.0019 (3)
C14'0.041 (3)0.0247 (15)0.021 (3)0.000 (2)−0.010 (2)0.0045 (12)
C15'0.035 (2)0.0210 (17)0.0186 (8)−0.0037 (13)−0.0021 (14)0.0007 (11)
C160.0192 (7)0.0220 (6)0.0215 (7)0.0042 (5)−0.0006 (5)−0.0021 (5)
C170.0187 (7)0.0162 (6)0.0218 (6)0.0047 (5)0.0023 (5)−0.0008 (5)
C180.0243 (7)0.0219 (7)0.0327 (8)−0.0012 (6)0.0043 (6)−0.0001 (6)
C190.0343 (9)0.0281 (8)0.0359 (9)0.0034 (7)0.0152 (7)0.0090 (6)
C200.0445 (10)0.0348 (8)0.0204 (7)0.0153 (7)0.0056 (7)0.0043 (6)
C210.0342 (9)0.0361 (8)0.0257 (7)0.0073 (7)−0.0061 (6)−0.0059 (6)
C220.0225 (7)0.0264 (7)0.0252 (7)0.0002 (6)0.0018 (5)−0.0024 (6)
O1—C71.2301 (17)C11—C121.413 (4)
N1—C91.4659 (16)C11—C12'1.497 (5)
N1—C161.4688 (17)C11—H110.9500
N1—C101.4696 (16)S2—C151.704 (4)
S1—C11.715 (3)S2—C121.716 (6)
S1—C41.735 (3)C12—C131.355 (6)
C1—C21.366 (4)C13—C141.428 (5)
C1—H10.9500C13—H130.9500
C2—C31.439 (6)C14—C151.381 (5)
C2—H20.9500C14—H140.9500
C3—C41.359 (5)C15—H150.9500
C3—H30.9500S2'—C15'1.707 (5)
C4—C51.441 (3)S2'—C12'1.735 (7)
S1'—C1'1.677 (9)C12'—C13'1.372 (8)
S1'—C4'1.720 (9)C13'—C14'1.450 (7)
C1'—C2'1.342 (9)C13'—H13'0.9500
C1'—H1'0.9500C14'—C15'1.336 (6)
C2'—C3'1.458 (8)C14'—H14'0.9500
C2'—H2'0.9500C15'—H15'0.9500
C3'—C4'1.361 (9)C16—C171.5108 (18)
C3'—H3'0.9500C16—H16A0.9900
C4'—C51.479 (9)C16—H16B0.9900
C5—C61.3484 (19)C17—C181.385 (2)
C5—H50.9500C17—C221.390 (2)
C6—C71.4917 (18)C18—C191.395 (2)
C6—C101.5007 (18)C18—H180.9500
C7—C81.4870 (18)C19—C201.378 (3)
C8—C111.3515 (19)C19—H190.9500
C8—C91.5031 (18)C20—C211.384 (3)
C9—H9A0.9900C20—H200.9500
C9—H9B0.9900C21—C221.385 (2)
C10—H10A0.9900C21—H210.9500
C10—H10B0.9900C22—H220.9500
C9—N1—C16109.11 (10)C8—C11—C12130.8 (5)
C9—N1—C10110.22 (10)C8—C11—C12'126.7 (6)
C16—N1—C10110.54 (11)C8—C11—H11114.6
C1—S1—C492.37 (16)C12—C11—H11114.6
C2—C1—S1111.8 (2)C12'—C11—H11118.6
C2—C1—H1124.1C15—S2—C1292.9 (2)
S1—C1—H1124.1C13—C12—C11123.1 (5)
C1—C2—C3111.8 (3)C13—C12—S2110.5 (3)
C1—C2—H2124.1C11—C12—S2126.4 (4)
C3—C2—H2124.1C12—C13—C14114.0 (4)
C4—C3—C2113.5 (4)C12—C13—H13123.0
C4—C3—H3123.3C14—C13—H13123.0
C2—C3—H3123.3C15—C14—C13111.2 (3)
C3—C4—C5123.9 (4)C15—C14—H14124.4
C3—C4—S1110.5 (3)C13—C14—H14124.4
C5—C4—S1125.6 (2)C14—C15—S2111.3 (3)
C1'—S1'—C4'93.9 (4)C14—C15—H15124.3
C2'—C1'—S1'111.4 (5)S2—C15—H15124.3
C2'—C1'—H1'124.3C15'—S2'—C12'93.0 (3)
S1'—C1'—H1'124.3C13'—C12'—C11130.6 (6)
C1'—C2'—C3'112.9 (6)C13'—C12'—S2'110.3 (4)
C1'—C2'—H2'123.5C11—C12'—S2'119.1 (5)
C3'—C2'—H2'123.5C12'—C13'—C14'111.5 (5)
C4'—C3'—C2'111.5 (6)C12'—C13'—H13'124.2
C4'—C3'—H3'124.3C14'—C13'—H13'124.2
C2'—C3'—H3'124.3C15'—C14'—C13'114.0 (5)
C3'—C4'—C5130.6 (14)C15'—C14'—H14'123.0
C3'—C4'—S1'109.9 (6)C13'—C14'—H14'123.0
C5—C4'—S1'116.2 (8)C14'—C15'—S2'111.3 (4)
C6—C5—C4130.75 (18)C14'—C15'—H15'124.4
C6—C5—C4'128.6 (4)S2'—C15'—H15'124.4
C6—C5—H5114.6N1—C16—C17112.48 (11)
C4—C5—H5114.6N1—C16—H16A109.1
C4'—C5—H5116.6C17—C16—H16A109.1
C5—C6—C7117.13 (12)N1—C16—H16B109.1
C5—C6—C10124.42 (12)C17—C16—H16B109.1
C7—C6—C10118.43 (11)H16A—C16—H16B107.8
O1—C7—C8121.69 (12)C18—C17—C22118.98 (13)
O1—C7—C6120.77 (12)C18—C17—C16121.17 (13)
C8—C7—C6117.54 (11)C22—C17—C16119.85 (13)
C11—C8—C7117.02 (12)C17—C18—C19120.50 (15)
C11—C8—C9124.41 (12)C17—C18—H18119.8
C7—C8—C9118.55 (11)C19—C18—H18119.8
N1—C9—C8111.58 (11)C20—C19—C18119.98 (15)
N1—C9—H9A109.3C20—C19—H19120.0
C8—C9—H9A109.3C18—C19—H19120.0
N1—C9—H9B109.3C19—C20—C21119.85 (14)
C8—C9—H9B109.3C19—C20—H20120.1
H9A—C9—H9B108.0C21—C20—H20120.1
N1—C10—C6110.42 (11)C20—C21—C22120.19 (16)
N1—C10—H10A109.6C20—C21—H21119.9
C6—C10—H10A109.6C22—C21—H21119.9
N1—C10—H10B109.6C21—C22—C17120.50 (15)
C6—C10—H10B109.6C21—C22—H22119.7
H10A—C10—H10B108.1C17—C22—H22119.7
C4—S1—C1—C2−1.8 (8)C9—N1—C10—C6−63.56 (14)
S1—C1—C2—C31.4 (9)C16—N1—C10—C6175.74 (11)
C1—C2—C3—C4−0.1 (12)C5—C6—C10—N1−150.83 (13)
C2—C3—C4—C5178.1 (10)C7—C6—C10—N131.04 (16)
C2—C3—C4—S1−1.2 (13)C7—C8—C11—C12−180 (3)
C1—S1—C4—C31.7 (10)C9—C8—C11—C12−1(3)
C1—S1—C4—C5−177.6 (10)C7—C8—C11—C12'−177 (4)
C4'—S1'—C1'—C2'−2(3)C9—C8—C11—C12'1(4)
S1'—C1'—C2'—C3'−2(3)C8—C11—C12—C13−173 (2)
C1'—C2'—C3'—C4'6(4)C8—C11—C12—S27(6)
C2'—C3'—C4'—C5−166 (3)C15—S2—C12—C130(3)
C2'—C3'—C4'—S1'−7(4)C15—S2—C12—C11−179 (4)
C1'—S1'—C4'—C3'5(3)C11—C12—C13—C14−180 (3)
C1'—S1'—C4'—C5167 (3)S2—C12—C13—C140(4)
C3—C4—C5—C6−180.0 (8)C12—C13—C14—C15−1(3)
S1—C4—C5—C6−0.7 (15)C13—C14—C15—S21.3 (7)
C3—C4—C5—C4'117 (16)C12—S2—C15—C14−0.9 (19)
S1—C4—C5—C4'−64 (14)C8—C11—C12'—C13'11 (9)
C3'—C4'—C5—C6−20 (6)C8—C11—C12'—S2'−169 (2)
S1'—C4'—C5—C6−177.4 (12)C15'—S2'—C12'—C13'−2(5)
C3'—C4'—C5—C4100 (18)C15'—S2'—C12'—C11178 (5)
S1'—C4'—C5—C4−57 (12)C11—C12'—C13'—C14'−178 (6)
C4—C5—C6—C7173.6 (8)S2'—C12'—C13'—C14'2(5)
C4'—C5—C6—C7179 (2)C12'—C13'—C14'—C15'−1(4)
C4—C5—C6—C10−4.6 (8)C13'—C14'—C15'—S2'−0.4 (13)
C4'—C5—C6—C101(2)C12'—S2'—C15'—C14'1(3)
C5—C6—C7—O13.41 (19)C9—N1—C16—C17177.35 (11)
C10—C6—C7—O1−178.32 (12)C10—N1—C16—C17−61.29 (15)
C5—C6—C7—C8−175.80 (12)N1—C16—C17—C18123.42 (14)
C10—C6—C7—C82.48 (18)N1—C16—C17—C22−56.69 (16)
O1—C7—C8—C11−6.0 (2)C22—C17—C18—C19−0.1 (2)
C6—C7—C8—C11173.18 (12)C16—C17—C18—C19179.75 (12)
O1—C7—C8—C9175.57 (12)C17—C18—C19—C200.2 (2)
C6—C7—C8—C9−5.24 (18)C18—C19—C20—C21−0.1 (2)
C16—N1—C9—C8−177.33 (11)C19—C20—C21—C22−0.1 (2)
C10—N1—C9—C861.11 (15)C20—C21—C22—C170.2 (2)
C11—C8—C9—N1155.81 (13)C18—C17—C22—C21−0.1 (2)
C7—C8—C9—N1−25.90 (16)C16—C17—C22—C21−179.98 (13)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C9—H9A···O1i0.992.593.4946 (18)151
C10—H10B···O1i0.992.563.4747 (18)153
C11—H11···O1ii0.952.453.319 (2)153
C13—H13···O1ii0.952.563.338 (6)140
C2—H2···Cg6iii0.952.683.520 (5)148
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯AD—HH⋯ADAD—H⋯A
C9—H9A⋯O1i0.992.593.4946 (18)151
C10—H10B⋯O1i0.992.563.4747 (18)153
C11—H11⋯O1ii0.952.453.319 (2)153
C13—H13⋯O1ii0.952.563.338 (6)140
C2—H2⋯Cg6iii0.952.683.520 (5)148

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .

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