Cushing's syndrome: all variants, detection, and treatment.

Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome involves a step-wise approach and establishing the cause can be challenging. Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed for glucocorticoid-induced hypertension, including a functional mineralocorticoid excess state, upregulation of the renin angiotensin system, and deleterious effects of cortisol on the vasculature. Surgical excision of the cause of excess glucocorticoids remains the optimal treatment. Antiglucocorticoid and antihypertensive agents and steroidogenesis inhibitors can be used as adjunctive treatment modalities in preparation for surgery and in cases where surgery is contraindicated or has not led to cure. Published by Elsevier Inc.