Immunosuppressive management of dialysis patients with recently failed transplants.

Over the past decade, patients returning to dialysis after a failed transplant comprised of 5-10% of the annual number of dialysis initiations in the United States, whereas retransplant candidates account for 5.0-13% of the annual deceased donor wait-list additions. The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) database revealed a >3-fold increase in the annual adjusted death rates for patients returning to dialysis after graft loss compared with patients with a functioning allograft (9.4% vs. 2.8%, respectively). Continuation of low-dose immunosuppression to maintain residual allograft function has been suggested as a contributing factor, presumably via treatment-related infectious and cardiovascular complications among others. In contrast, a survival advantage in maintaining patients on long-term immunosuppression after returning to peritoneal dialysis has also been suggested. Despite the significant number of patients requiring reinitiation of some form of renal replacement therapy after a failed transplant and the increasing evidence suggesting their high mortality and morbidity rates, management of the failed allograft in these patients has received little attention. This article presents an overview of the literature on the management of immunosuppression after allograft failure, a brief review on the pros and cons of allograft nephrectomy, and the authors' opinions on the management of immunosuppression in patients with a failed kidney allograft.