Enhanced photocatalytic activity of bimodal mesoporous titania powders by C60 modification.

In this work, fullerene modified TiO(2) nanocomposites (denoted as C(60)/TiO(2)) with low C(60) loadings (0-1.5 wt.%) have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using tetrabutylorthotitanate (TBOT, Ti(OC(4)H(9))(4)) as the titanium precursor. The as-prepared C(60)/TiO(2) nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, nitrogen adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy. The formation of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) on the surface of UV-illuminated TiO(2) is probed by photoluminescence using terephthalic acid as a probe molecule. Our results have demonstrated that C(60) molecules can be dispersed as a monolayer onto bimodal mesoporous TiO(2)via covalent bonding. The photocatalytic oxidation rate of gas-phase acetone over C(60)/TiO(2) nanocomposites is greater than that over pure TiO(2), commercial Degussa P25 (P25) and C(60)-TiO(2) counterparts prepared by simple impregnating mixing. In particular, 0.5 wt.% C(60)/TiO(2) nanocomposites show the greatest photocatalytic activity with the rate constant k exceeding that of P25 by a factor of 3.3. Based on the results of the current study, we propose that C(60) molecules doped onto TiO(2) act as "electron acceptors" responsible for the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers and the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The proposed mechanism for the observed photocatalytic performance of C(60)/TiO(2) nanocomposites is further corroborated by experiments on hydroxyl radical and transient photocurrent response. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011