Luminescent charge-transfer complexes: tuning emission in binary fluorophore mixtures.

Charge-transfer (CT) complexes composed of a π-electron-poor naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivative combined with a series of π-electron-rich donors were investigated. Solutions of the CT complexes are nonemissive; however, solid-state complexes and aqueous suspensions display emission that is dependent on the energy of the HOMO of the electron donor. Crystallographic analysis of a pyrene-NDI complex reveals columnar packing and a high degree of frontier molecular orbital (FMO) overlap that likely contributes to the observed optical properties. The fluorescent CT particles are utilized as imaging agents; additional luminescent CT complexes may be realized by considering FMO energies and topologies.