Synthesis of morphine alkaloids and derivatives.

This review summarizes recent developments in the total synthesis of morphine alkaloids and some of the semisynthetic derivatives. The literature is covered for the period of 5 years after the publication of the last review in 2005. The syntheses that appeared in this period are covered in detail and are placed in the context of all syntheses of opiate alkaloids since the original one published by Gates in 1952. The introduction covers the historical aspects of total synthesis of these alkaloids. The synthesis of some of the medicinally useful derivatives is reviewed in the last section along with some of the methodology required for their preparation.