The open microcirculation in human spleens: a three-dimensional approach.

It has long been debated whether the red pulp of human spleens harbors an open or a closed microcirculation or both. To solve this issue, the authors differentially stained the endothelium in red pulp arterial microvessels and in venous sinuses using brightfield and fluorescence immunohistology with reagents against CD34 and CD141. Three-dimensional models of red pulp arterial microvessels and sinuses were derived from serial double-stained paraffin sections with the help of license-free open-access software. In each model, arterial microvascular ends were traced and verified by reference to the original serial sections. In total, 142 ends were analyzed in the specimens of three individuals. None of these ends was connected to a sinus, suggesting that the human splenic red pulp harbors an entirely open circulatory system. Thus, the spleen is the only human organ where blood passes through spaces not lined by endothelia or other barrier-forming cells.