Amygdalar peptidergic circuits regulating noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons: linking limbic and arousal centers.

The endogenous opioid peptides, met- or leu-enkephalin, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulate noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) in a convergent manner via projections from distinct brain areas. In contrast, the opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) has been shown to serve as a co-transmitter with CRF in afferents to the LC. To further define anatomical substrates targeting noradrenergic neurons by DYN afferents originating from limbic sources, anterograde tract-tracing of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the central amygdaloid complex was combined with immunocytochemical detection of DYN and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the same section of tissue. Triple labeling immunocytochemistry was combined with electron microscopy in the LC where BDA was identified using an immunoperoxidase marker, and DYN and TH were distinguished by the use of sequential immunogold labeling and silver enhancement to produce different sized gold particles. Results show direct evidence of a monosynaptic pathway linking amygdalar DYN afferents with LC neurons. To determine whether DYN-containing amygdalar LC-projecting neurons colocalize CRF, retrograde tract-tracing using fluorescent latex microspheres injected into the LC was combined with immunocytochemical detection of DYN and CRF in single sections in the central amygdala. Retrogradely labeled neurons from the LC were distributed throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) as previously described. Cell counts showed that approximately 42% of LC-projecting neurons in the CeA contained both DYN and CRF. Taken with our previous studies showing monosynaptic projections from amygdalar CRF neurons to noradrenergic LC cells, the present study extends this by showing that DYN and CRF are co-transmitters in monosynaptic projections to the LC and are poised to coordinately impact LC neuronal activity.