Behavioral responses of the Iberian waterfrog, Pelophylax perezi (Seoane, 1885), to three nitrogenous compounds in laboratory conditions.

Several studies have assessed the effects of nitrogenous compounds on amphibian behavior. However, few have focused on the effects of their combination with other stressors or on the variation of the response to pollutants among populations. We analyzed the effect of nitrogenous compounds (NH(4)(+); NO(2)(-); NO(3)(-), both alone and in combination) on larval behavior (activity level and location in the water column) in four populations of Pelophylax perezi naturally exposed to different levels of eutrophication. Larval activity was highest and use of the bottom of the experimental beaker was lowest at lower concentrations of nitrogenous compounds acting singly, these responses being minimal and maximal, respectively, at both control and higher concentrations. This pattern appears to fit to an hormetic response. Additionally, the combination of nitrogenous compounds affected more severely the response variables than when ammonium or nitrite acted singly according to an additive model. Populations inhabiting highly polluted aquatic habitats marginally showed higher activity level than the populations from less polluted environments, especially when larvae were exposed to ammonium or when nitrite appeared in combination with other nitrogen forms. Levels of activity correlated positively with larval final mass. Moreover, for similar levels of activity, larvae from polluted populations had higher growth rates than those coming from reference populations which suggests interdemic differences in behavioral sensitivity to nitrogenous pollutants.