Frédéric Barbut1, Gabrielle Jones, Catherine Eckert. 1. National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, UHLIN, Site Saint-Antoine, Paris, France. frederic.barbut@sat.aphp.fr
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) has dramatically changed over the last decade in both North America and Europe. The objectives of this review are to highlight the recent epidemiological data and to provide an overview of the current knowledge of infection control measures. RECENT FINDINGS: Since 2003, many countries have reported increased incidence of CDI and outbreaks of severe cases of CDI. This trend is assumed to be due, in part, to the emergence and rapid spread of a 'hypervirulent' strain, known as 027/BI/NAP1. This strain has become endemic in many hospitals in North America and Europe. CDI rates have also increased in the community and new genotypes (e.g. PCR ribotype 078) are emerging in both humans and animals. To prevent cross-contamination and to reduce the incidence of CDI, infection control guidelines, based primarily on experience of hospitals during outbreaks, have been recently updated in Europe and the United States. CDI prevention relies on a bundle of measures including antimicrobial stewardship, prompt diagnosis, and the implementation of contact precautions. Currently, most of these measures have appeared effective in controlling outbreaks, but the best methods to reduce CDI incidence in settings of endemicity are still unknown. SUMMARY: The recent changes in CDI epidemiology have pushed infection control healthcare workers and scientific societies to revisit and update their guidelines for infection control.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) has dramatically changed over the last decade in both North America and Europe. The objectives of this review are to highlight the recent epidemiological data and to provide an overview of the current knowledge of infection control measures. RECENT FINDINGS: Since 2003, many countries have reported increased incidence of CDI and outbreaks of severe cases of CDI. This trend is assumed to be due, in part, to the emergence and rapid spread of a 'hypervirulent' strain, known as 027/BI/NAP1. This strain has become endemic in many hospitals in North America and Europe. CDI rates have also increased in the community and new genotypes (e.g. PCR ribotype 078) are emerging in both humans and animals. To prevent cross-contamination and to reduce the incidence of CDI, infection control guidelines, based primarily on experience of hospitals during outbreaks, have been recently updated in Europe and the United States. CDI prevention relies on a bundle of measures including antimicrobial stewardship, prompt diagnosis, and the implementation of contact precautions. Currently, most of these measures have appeared effective in controlling outbreaks, but the best methods to reduce CDI incidence in settings of endemicity are still unknown. SUMMARY: The recent changes in CDI epidemiology have pushed infection control healthcare workers and scientific societies to revisit and update their guidelines for infection control.
Authors: Jesse Clanton; Michael Subichin; Katherine Drolshagen; Timothy Daley; Michael S Firstenberg Journal: World J Gastrointest Surg Date: 2013-08-27
Authors: Kevin C Katz; George R Golding; Kelly Baekyung Choi; Linda Pelude; Kanchana R Amaratunga; Monica Taljaard; Stephanie Alexandre; Jun Chen Collet; Ian Davis; Tim Du; Gerald A Evans; Charles Frenette; Denise Gravel; Susy Hota; Pamela Kibsey; Joanne M Langley; Bonita E Lee; Camille Lemieux; Yves Longtin; Dominik Mertz; Lorraine Maze Dit Mieusement; Jessica Minion; Dorothy L Moore; Michael R Mulvey; Susan Richardson; Michelle Science; Andrew E Simor; Paula Stagg; Kathryn N Suh; Geoffrey Taylor; Alice Wong; Nisha Thampi Journal: CMAJ Date: 2018-06-25 Impact factor: 8.262