Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions: an excellent delivery system for improving the oral bioavailability of pidotimod in rats.

The aims of this study were to prepare fine pidotimod-containing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions and to investigate the possibility of those emulsions as a delivery system for promoting the oral bioavailability of pidotimod. A modified two-step emulsification procedure was applied to prepare the double emulsions using medium-chain triglyceride as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the hydrophilic emulsifier, and Span 80 alone or in combination with different amount of phospholipids as the lipophilic emulsifiers. A fine W/O/W emulsion, with the encapsulation efficiency of 82 ± 3.4%, mean oil-droplet diameter of 3.93 ± 0.25 μm, and viscosity of 36.4 ± 0.93 mPa · s at 25 °C and 300 s(-1), was stable for 1 month at 4 °C. In addition, the oral bioavailability of pidotimod in rats, after intragastric administration of W/O/W double emulsions, was significantly higher than that of pidotimod control solution. Moreover, the maximum uptake time was significantly prolonged, suggesting an extra absorption pathway for W/O/W emulsions: a lymphatic circulation pathway. Those results demonstrated that W/O/W emulsions could become a potential formulation for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and suggested an important technology platform for the oral administration of peptide and peptidomimetic drugs.