Effort thrombosis: role of interventional therapy.

Effort thrombosis, a form of axillary-subclavian vein occlusion in young people, was identified in patients referred over a 5-year period. Eleven of 120 patients (9%) with venous occlusion from many causes had effort thrombosis. They were treated acutely with heparin and then by thrombolysis, angioplasty, surgical bypass, or a combination. Five of the 10 patients with thrombolysis or surgery had patent veins on follow-up venography, but 9 of these later developed axillary-subclavian reocclusion. By later follow-up, however, all patients were asymptomatic at the time of collateral vein formation. We conclude that effort thrombosis leads to recurrent occlusion of the axillary-subclavian vein, short-term (12-month) recurrence of symptoms with exercise, and progressive compensatory collateral vein development. Radiographic documentation of reestablished venous flow is important, and can be used to guide the completion of treatment.