Bone and metabolic health in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer who are receiving androgen deprivation therapy.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer increases the risk of osteoporotic fractures, type 2 diabetes and, possibly, cardiovascular events. There is considerable uncertainty about the risk-benefit ratio of ADT in non-palliative treatment; the benefits of ADT in treating non-metastatic prostate cancer need to be carefully weighed against the risks of ADT-induced adverse events. Baseline assessment of bone health at the initiation of ADT should include measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and, in men with osteopaenia, a thoracolumbar spine x-ray. General measures to prevent bone loss, including regular physical activity, as well as ensuring calcium and vitamin D sufficiency, should be instituted routinely. All men with a previous minimal trauma fracture should receive pharmacological therapy unless contraindicated; for those who have not sustained a minimal trauma fracture, treatment is advised if the BMD T score is ≤ - 2.0, or if the 10-year risk of a major osteoporotic fracture exceeds 20%. Men with prostate cancer who are receiving ADT should be closely monitored for weight gain and diabetes; intensive lifestyle intervention is recommended to prevent ADT-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Management of the metabolic sequelae of ADT includes optimal reduction of cardiovascular risk factors, with particular attention to weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, smoking cessation, and glycaemic control.