BACKGROUND: In previous studies, maternal expressed emotion (EE) has been found to be a good predictor of the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, these studies have been cross-section as opposed to longitudinal. The goal of this study is to examine longitudinal data of perceived maternal EE and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms to determine if maternal EE affected the course of adolescent symptoms (a parent effect model), or if the course of adolescent symptoms affected maternal EE (a child effect model), or if maternal EE and adolescent symptoms affected one another bidirectionally. METHODS: Dutch adolescents (N = 497; 57% boys; M = 13 years) from the general community and their mothers were prospectively studied annually for three years. At all waves the mothers completed the Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) questionnaire and the adolescents completed self-rated measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the longitudinal data. RESULTS: The results of the SEM analyses clearly demonstrate that a child effect model best describes the relationship between maternal EE and the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study of the mothers' EE perceptions suggests that it is the course of the internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents from the general community that affects maternal EE, and not the mothers' perceived EE influencing the course of the adolescents' symptoms. Since this study was based on adolescents from the general community, it is suggested that these findings should also be replicated in clinical samples of adolescents.
BACKGROUND: In previous studies, maternal expressed emotion (EE) has been found to be a good predictor of the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, these studies have been cross-section as opposed to longitudinal. The goal of this study is to examine longitudinal data of perceived maternal EE and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms to determine if maternal EE affected the course of adolescent symptoms (a parent effect model), or if the course of adolescent symptoms affected maternal EE (a child effect model), or if maternal EE and adolescent symptoms affected one another bidirectionally. METHODS: Dutch adolescents (N = 497; 57% boys; M = 13 years) from the general community and their mothers were prospectively studied annually for three years. At all waves the mothers completed the Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) questionnaire and the adolescents completed self-rated measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the longitudinal data. RESULTS: The results of the SEM analyses clearly demonstrate that a child effect model best describes the relationship between maternal EE and the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study of the mothers' EE perceptions suggests that it is the course of the internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents from the general community that affects maternal EE, and not the mothers' perceived EE influencing the course of the adolescents' symptoms. Since this study was based on adolescents from the general community, it is suggested that these findings should also be replicated in clinical samples of adolescents.
Authors: Jennifer S Richards; Alejandro Arias Vásquez; Nanda N J Rommelse; Jaap Oosterlaan; Pieter J Hoekstra; Barbara Franke; Catharina A Hartman; Jan K Buitelaar Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2013-12-03 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Jennifer S Richards; Catharina A Hartman; Barbara Franke; Pieter J Hoekstra; Dirk J Heslenfeld; Jaap Oosterlaan; Alejandro Arias Vásquez; Jan K Buitelaar Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2014-06-15 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: Jennifer S Richards; Alejandro Arias Vásquez; Barbara Franke; Pieter J Hoekstra; Dirk J Heslenfeld; Jaap Oosterlaan; Stephen V Faraone; Jan K Buitelaar; Catharina A Hartman Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-05-24 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: William W Hale; Elisabetta Crocetti; Stefanie A Nelemans; Susan J T Branje; Pol A C van Lier; Hans M Koot; Wim H J Meeus Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2015-09-29 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: J S Richards; A Arias Vásquez; D von Rhein; D van der Meer; B Franke; P J Hoekstra; D J Heslenfeld; J Oosterlaan; S V Faraone; J K Buitelaar; C A Hartman Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2016-04-05 Impact factor: 6.222