Literature DB >> 21395715

Quantitative genetics and evolution: Is our understanding of genetics sufficient to explain evolution?

R G Beilharz1, B G Luxford, J L Wilkinson.   

Abstract

SUMMARY: We have provided a bridge between geneticists, who tend to concentrate on genes and their frequencies, and other biologists, who are much more aware of how severely the environment constrains and limits life. This bridge is the recognition that a . fitness is a product of important component traits, b . these and most other traits consume environmental resources and these resources are additively related and can sum to no more than the total resources an animal can obtain from the environment, c . allele frequencies can alter only to the degree that the phenotypes that carry the alleles reproduce themselves successfully, i. e. are fit, d . fitness must rise, because it is never free from natural selection upwards, to the point where it can rise no further, because all environmental resources available to an animal are being used most efficiently, e . in this state of adaptation, fitness is completely limited by the environment and all other traits important to the animal are constrained to a greater or lesser degree at intermediate, "optimal" values, and f . traits or molecules unimportant to animals, so that they are completely neutral with respect to fitness, are free to drift genetically and hence gene substitutions can occur at rates related to their mutation rates. This bridge between genetics and other parts of biology shows that the various theories apparently causing concern for the modern synthetic theory of evolution are entirely compatible with it. Bursts of rapid evolutionary change between long periods of evolutionary stasis are the necessary consequences of strong natural selection acting on fitness, in ecosystems that are stable until external forces cause them to change. Neutral (random) evolution describes the fate of genetic material that is unimportant for organisms, i. e. material that is truly neutral with respect to fitness. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Quantitative Genetik und Evolution. Genügt unser genetisches Verständnis um Evolution zu erklären? Wir bauten eine Brücke zwischen Genetikern, die mit Genen und ihren Frequenzen arbeiten, und anderen Biologen, die wissen wie stark die Umwelt Lebewesen hemmend beeinflußt. Diese Brücke besteht aus den folgenden Erkenntnissen: a . Fitness ist ein Produkt der wichtigsten Komponenten. b . Diese und die meisten anderen Merkmale verbrauchen Nahrung. Die Nahrung, die ein Lebewesen nur aus der Umwelt erhalten kann, enthält die maximale Summe der metabolischen Ressourcen, die das Wesen dann in additiver Weise in einzelne Merkmale investiert. c . Allelfrequenzen können sich nur erhöhen, wenn der Phänotyp, der die Allele trägt, sich erfolgreich fortpflanzt. d . Weil Fitness immer unter natürlicher Selektion nach oben steht, muß der Fitnesswert steigen bis alle Umweltressourcen so effizient wie möglich genützt werden. e . In solchem Stadium der völligen Anpassung an die Umwelt, ist Fitness ganz durch die Umwelt limitiert und alle anderen wichtigen Merkmale in größerem oder kleinerem Maße in Optimalwerte gezwängt. f . Unwichtige Merkmale oder genetische Moleküle, die keine Wirkung im Lebewesen haben, so daß sie wirklich neutral sind gegenüber Fitness, dürfen ungehemmt driften und zeigen deshalb Substitutionsraten, die ihren Mutationsraten entsprechen. Diese Brücke zwischen Genetik und der übrigen Biologie zeigt, daß die Evolutionstheorien, die angeblich die moderne Evolutionssynthese stören, vollkommen mit ihr im Einklang sind. Sprungartige Evolution zwischen langen, stabilen Zeiträumen sind die Zwangsfolgen starker natürlicher Selektion auf Fitness in Ökosystemen, die sich nicht ändern bis ein Druck außerhalb des Systems das bewirkt. Neutrale Evolution beschreibt, was mit dem Material passiert, das unwichtig für Lebewesen ist. 1993 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Entities:  

Year:  1993        PMID: 21395715     DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00728.x

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  J Anim Breed Genet        ISSN: 0931-2668            Impact factor:   2.380


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