All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: population based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine all cause and disease specific mortality in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip.
DESIGN: Population based cohort study.
SETTING: General practices in the southwest of England. PARTICIPANTS: 1163 patients aged 35 years or over with symptoms and radiological confirmation of osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age and sex standardised mortality ratios and multivariable hazard ratios of death after a median of 14 years' follow-up.
RESULTS: Patients with osteoarthritis had excess all cause mortality compared with the general population (standardised mortality ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 1.70). Excess mortality was observed for all disease specific causes of death but was particularly pronounced for cardiovascular (standardised mortality ratio 1.71, 1.49 to 1.98) and dementia associated mortality (1.99, 1.22 to 3.25). Mortality increased with increasing age (P for trend <0.001), male sex (adjusted hazard ratio 1.59, 1.30 to 1.96), self reported history of diabetes (1.95, 1.31 to 2.90), cancer (2.28, 1.50 to 3.47), cardiovascular disease (1.38, 1.12 to 1.71), and walking disability (1.48, 1.17 to 1.86). However, little evidence existed for increased mortality associated with previous joint replacement, obesity, depression, chronic inflammatory disease, eye disease, or presence of pain at baseline. The more severe the walking disability, the higher was the risk of death (P for trend <0.001).
CONCLUSION: Patients with osteoarthritis are at higher risk of death compared with the general population. History of diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease and the presence of walking disability are major risk factors. Management of patients with osteoarthritis and walking disability should focus on effective treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, as well as on increasing physical activity.

Introduction

The morbidity associated with chronic rheumatic diseases is well documented, and arthritis is the leading cause of chronic pain and physical disability in the community.1 Mortality associated with arthritis is less well characterised.2 However, inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, may result in excess mortality.3 Estimates of the standardised mortality ratio in rheumatoid arthritis vary from about 1.3 to 3.0.4 The main reason for this excess mortality is cardiovascular disease, although deaths from infections, respiratory diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders are also increased.4 The excess in cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis is thought to be in part a result of vascular disease being a component of the general inflammatory process and in part a result of drug treatments such as steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.5 Immobility resulting from arthritis may also shorten lifespan; for example, a recent study showed that disability in older people was an important risk factor for increased mortality independent of age and comorbid conditions.6

Very little is known about mortality in osteoarthritis, although it is by far the most common form of rheumatic disease.7 Osteoarthritis is not an inflammatory condition and is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs rather than with steroids.8 The condition often results in immobility,9 and obesity is a major comorbidity in patients with osteoarthritis.10 Thus, reasons exist for thinking that people with osteoarthritis may have an excess in mortality as well as in morbidity. Hochberg recently reviewed the literature on mortality in osteoarthritis.2 He found seven studies, several of which suggested an increased risk of death in people with osteoarthritis,11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 but these studies had several methodological problems.2

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of medical consultation.19 A better understanding of the burden of osteoarthritis in terms not only of symptoms but also of a reduced life expectancy, and an investigation into potentially modifiable risk factors, could inform future management strategies beyond the current focus on treating the symptoms.8 Therefore, we used data from a large population based study to determine whether people with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip are subject to an increased risk of death and to examine the causes and potential risk factors.20 21

Methods

Patients

The Somerset and Avon Survey of Health is a population based study of 28 080 people aged 35 years or over randomly selected from 40 general practices in the south west of England.20 21 The survey excluded 2034 people who had moved out of the study area, had a severe mental or terminal illness, or had died. The remaining 26 046 people were sent a screening questionnaire comprising questions on general health, use of health services, and symptoms of hip and knee disease. Non-respondents were sent two reminders and contacted by phone, if necessary.22 23 People were screened for knee and hip pain with a modified version of the question used in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.10 The invitation for clinical examination and examination of patients with knee or hip pain was organised in two phases according to the geographical location of the participating practices in 1994-5.

Procedures

We used data collected at baseline on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self reported health conditions and drug use, and presence of knee or hip pain and walking disability as potential predictors of mortality. Participants reported presence or absence of several comorbidities, which were grouped as follows: cardiovascular disease (angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, claudication, and stroke), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (including asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema), arterial hypertension, diabetes, chronic inflammatory disease (including rheumatoid arthritis), eye disease (cataract or glaucoma), and depression. We classified body mass index (kg/m2) into two categories: non-obese (<30) and obese (≥30). We classified the self reported use of oral analgesics into use of paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids, irrespective of the dosage.

In 1994-5, examined participants were asked about knee or hip pain with the following questions: “In the past 12 months, have you had pain in or around your left (right) knee (hip) on most days for one month or longer during the day (night)? (yes/no).” We considered participants to have pain if they reported pain during the day or night in at least one hip or knee.24 Participants were asked about their walking disability: “How difficult is it for you to go outdoors and walk down the road on your own? (not difficult/quite difficult/very difficult/impossible).”24 We considered patients to have disability if walking was described at least to be “quite difficult.” Survival status of the 2703 participants and information on the cause of death up to 9 February 2009 came from the Office for National Statistics, London. The causes of death were registered and coded according to ICD-9 (international classification of diseases, 9th revision) or ICD-10. We recoded all to ICD-10 and considered death to be caused by the primary cause of death listed on the death certificate with ICD-10 codes of “I” for cardiovascular disease, “C” for cancer, “J” for respiratory disease, “K” for gastrointestinal disease, and “F01,” “F03,” or “R54” for dementia associated disease.

At baseline, participants had weight bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the knees and hip according to a standardised protocol. Details of the radiographic examinations are described elsewhere.24 We assigned Kellgren-Lawrence grades of global radiological severity on anteroposterior views by using a scale from 0 to 4 (0=no features of osteoarthritis; 1=minute osteophytes of doubtful significance; 2=definite osteophytes, no definite joint space narrowing; 3=definite joint space narrowing of a moderate degree; 4=severe joint space impairment).25 We considered osteoarthritis to be present if a Kellgren-Lawrence grade of at least 1 was measured for at least one joint.

Statistical analysis

We compared mortality between included patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip and the general population in England and Wales by calculating standardised mortality ratios (the ratio of observed to expected number of deaths) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Expected numbers of deaths came from age and sex specific mortality data provided in the mortality statistics from 2002 (Office for National Statistics, London) in 10 year age bands, and we used the age at the mid-point of the observation time to assign study patients to age bands. In univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, we examined associations between all cause and disease specific mortality and characteristics of patients at baseline, and we tested associations with two sided Wald tests. We accounted for missing data in the baseline covariates by using multiple imputation with overall mortality, log transformed survival time, sex, age, social class, smoking, comorbid conditions, use of analgesics, previous joint replacement, type of osteoarthritis, knee or hip pain and walking disability, and study characteristics such as recruitment cycle as variables in the imputation model, to create 20 imputed datasets.26 27 28

In sensitivity analyses, we examined associations between overall mortality and baseline characteristics by using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models restricted to patients with radiographic osteoarthritis defined by a more stringent Kellgren-Lawrence grade of at least 2 and restricted to patients with complete information on covariates. Nelson-Aalen estimates of cumulative hazards and statistical tests based on Schoenfeld residuals indicated that proportional hazards assumptions were satisfied, and Cox-Snell residuals indicated a satisfactory model fit. Finally, we compared numbers and percentages of characteristics at baseline between participants who were invited but did not attend, those who attended clinical examination only, and those with clinical and radiographic examination. All P values and 95% confidence intervals are two sided.

Results

Figure 1 shows the flow of participants through the study. Of 22 978 responders to the screening questionnaire, 6435 participants were considered, 4356 were invited for a clinical examination, and 2703 attended; 1766 (65%) had a radiographic examination of their knees or hips, and we included 1163 (43%) patients with radiologically confirmed osteoarthritis of the knee or hip in the analyses. Web appendix 1 shows a comparison of participants who were invited but did not attend, those who attended for a clinical examination only, and those with clinical and radiographic examination. Participants who had radiographic examination were younger than the remainder of participants. No relevant differences existed for the other characteristics at baseline.

Fig 1 Flow of participants through different stages of study

At the end of follow-up, 725 (62%) of the included patients were still alive; 188 (16%) died from cardiovascular disease, 123 (11%) died from cancer, 43 (3.7%) died from respiratory disease, 19 (1.6%) died from gastrointestinal disease, 16 (1.4%) died from dementia, and 49 (4.2%) died from other diseases. The median length of follow-up among surviving patients was 14.3 (range 13.6-15.2) years.

Table 1 shows the number of observed and expected deaths and the corresponding age and sex standardised mortality ratios for different causes of death. We found excess all cause mortality in patients with radiologically confirmed osteoarthritis of the knee or hip compared with the general population (standardised mortality ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 1.70). We found higher rates of death in patients with osteoarthritis compared with the general population for all the different causes of death, but the effect was particularly pronounced for cardiovascular (standardised mortality ratio 1.71, 1.49 to 1.98) and dementia associated mortality (1.99, 1.22 to 3.25). We found little evidence to suggest that age standardised mortality ratios differed between men and women.

Table 1

 Age and sex standardised mortality ratios

Cause of death	All patients (n=1163)				Men (n=503)				Women (n=660)
	No of deaths		SMR (95% CI)		No of deaths		SMR (95% CI)		No of deaths		SMR (95% CI)
	Observed	Expected			Observed	Expected			Observed	Expected
All causes	438	283	1.55 (1.41 to 1.70)		204	129	1.58 (1.38 to 1.81)		234	154	1.52 (1.34 to 1.73)
Cardiovascular disease	188	110	1.71 (1.49 to 1.98)		95	52	1.82 (1.49 to 2.22)		93	57	1.62 (1.32 to 1.98)
Cancer related	123	93	1.32 (1.10 to 1.57)		58	44	1.33 (1.03 to 1.72)		65	50	1.31 (1.03 to 1.67)
Respiratory disease	43	33	1.29 (0.96 to 1.74)		20	15	1.38 (0.89 to 2.14)		23	19	1.22 (0.81 to 1.84)
Gastrointestinal disease	19	13	1.47 (0.94 to 2.30)		6	6	1.09 (0.49 to 2.42)		13	7	1.75 (1.02 to 3.01)
Dementia associated	16	8	1.99 (1.22 to 3.25)		5	2	2.29 (0.95 to 5.50)		11	6	1.88 (1.04 to 3.39)

SMR=standardised mortality ratio.

Table 2 shows the baseline characteristics of patients according to their survival status at the end of follow-up. In univariable analyses, we found increased mortality in men; in older patients and those with lower socioeconomic status; in patients with previous joint replacement; in patients with self reported comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, arterial hypertension, diabetes, chronic inflammatory disease, and eye disease; and in patients who reported the use of paracetamol or opioids (P≤0.05). Patients with knee or hip pain were not more likely to die than were patients without pain (P=0.97), but patients with walking disability were more likely to die than were those without (hazard ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.59 to 2.36; P<0.001).

Table 2

 Characteristics of patients at baseline. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Characteristic at baseline	Patients died		Crude hazard ratio* (95% CI)	P value*
	Yes (n=438)	No (n=725)
Age (years) at baseline:				<0.001
35-54	6 (1)	169 (23)	1.00 (reference)
55-74	273 (62)	503 (69)	12.4 (5.53 to 27.9)
≥75	159 (36)	53 (7)	40.7 (18.0 to 92.0)
Male sex	204 (47)	299 (41)	1.21 (1.00 to 1.46)	0.048
Lower social class (IIIM to V)	228 (52)	342 (47)	1.21 (1.00 to 1.46)	0.050
Smoking	70 (16)	115 (16)	0.94 (0.74 to 1.19)	0.60
Previous joint replacement	42 (10)	38 (5)	1.61 (1.17 to 2.22)	0.003
Type of osteoarthritis:				0.14
Knee only	130 (30)	233 (32)	1.00 (reference)
Hip only	120 (27)	222 (31)	0.98 (0.77 to 1.26)
Knee and hip	188 (43)	270 (37)	1.20 (0.96 to 1.50)
Knee or hip pain	289 (66)	477 (66)	1.00 (0.82 to 1.22)	0.97
Walking disability	152 (35)	136 (19)	1.93 (1.59 to 2.36)	<0.001
Type of analgesic:
Paracetamol	209 (48)	269 (37)	1.28 (1.05 to 1.57)	0.015
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	123 (28)	216 (30)	0.83 (0.67 to 1.03)	0.09
Opioids	142 (32)	173 (24)	1.32 (1.07 to 1.63)	0.008
Arterial hypertension	138 (32)	166 (23)	1.43 (1.17 to 1.75)	0.001
Cancer	25 (6)	16 (2)	2.11 (1.41 to 3.16)	<0.001
Cardiovascular disease	152 (35)	131 (18)	1.96 (1.61 to 2.38)	<0.001
Chronic inflammatory disease	163 (37)	216 (30)	1.30 (1.07 to 1.58)	0.008
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	77 (18)	110 (15)	1.14 (0.89 to 1.46)	0.29
Depression	40 (9)	58 (8)	1.09 (0.78 to 1.50)	0.62
Diabetes	29 (7)	18 (2)	2.10 (1.44 to 3.06)	<0.001
Eye disease	67 (15)	39 (5)	2.10 (1.62 to 2.73)	<0.001
Obesity	105 (24)	220 (30)	0.77 (0.62 to 0.96)	0.020

*Univariable hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values were derived from Cox regression models after multiple imputation of missing covariate data; hazard ratios >1 indicate lower mortality in reference category.

Figure 2 shows results from multivariable analysis on the association between baseline characteristics and all cause mortality. The risk of death seemed to be unaffected by type of osteoarthritis (P=0.58), previous joint replacement (P=0.49), obesity (P=0.11), intake of different types of conventional analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at baseline (P≥0.17); self reported history of depression (P=0.83), chronic inflammatory disease (P=0.93), or eye disease (P=0.56); and presence of hip or knee pain at baseline (P=0.25). Conversely, a self reported history of diabetes (hazard ratio 1.95, 1.31 to 2.90), cancer (2.28, 1.50 to 3.47), or cardiovascular disease (1.38, 1.12 to 1.71) and the presence of walking disability at baseline (1.48, 1.17 to 1.86) were independently associated with increased all cause mortality.

Fig 2 Associations between characteristics at baseline and all cause mortality up to 15 years thereafter. Shows hazard ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models after multiple imputation of missing values in covariates. P values were calculated by using two sided Wald tests. NSAIDs=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. *Age 35-54 as reference category. †Isolated knee osteoarthritis as reference category

Figure 3 (top left) shows the cumulative incidence of death from all causes in patients with and without walking disability at baseline: 53% of patients with walking disability compared with 33% of patients without disability died. As indicated in table 3, the crude hazard ratio of 1.93 (1.59 to 2.36; P<0.001) was attenuated to 1.58 (1.29 to 1.93) after adjustment for age and sex and to 1.48 after full adjustment as reported above. In a sensitivity analysis, the 88 patients with severe walking disability had a higher risk of death from any cause (fully adjusted hazard ratio 1.88, 1.37 to 2.56) than did the 200 patients with moderate walking disability (1.31, 1.00 to 1.70; P for trend <0.001). Figure 3 shows that deaths from cardiovascular causes were higher in patients with walking disability (25% v 12%; crude hazard ratio 2.40, 1.79 to 3.23; P<0.001). Table 3 indicates that the association between deaths from cardiovascular causes and walking disability remained after adjustment for baseline covariates, although it was attenuated (fully adjusted hazard ratio 1.72, 1.22 to 2.41; P=0.002). Patients with walking disability also had higher rates of deaths from respiratory causes (4.9% v 3.4%, fully adjusted hazard ratio 1.74, 0.82 to 3.71; P=0.15) and gastrointestinal causes (3.5% v 1.3%; 2.51, 0.89 to 7.14; P=0.08) compared with patients without disability, but confidence intervals were wide and P values non-significant. Rates for cancer related death (11% v 11%; P=0.93) and death associated with dementia (1.4% v 1.6%; P=0.58) were similar between patients with and without walking disability at baseline examination.

Fig 3 All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with and without walking disability at baseline examination. Kaplan-Meier curves show the cumulative incidence of all cause mortality, death from cardiovascular causes, cancer related death, death from respiratory causes, death from gastrointestinal causes, and death associated with dementia up to 15 years

Table 3

 Associations between walking disability and mortality

	Hazard ratio (95% CI)*	P value*
All cause mortality:
Crude	1.93 (1.59 to 2.36)	<0.001
Age and sex adjusted	1.58 (1.29 to 1.93)	<0.001
Fully adjusted	1.48 (1.17 to 1.86)	0.001
Death from cardiovascular causes:
Crude	2.40 (1.79 to 3.23)	<0.001
Age and sex adjusted	1.95 (1.44 to 2.63)	<0.001
Fully adjusted	1.72 (1.22 to 2.41)	0.002
Cancer related death:
Crude	1.22 (0.82 to 1.82)	0.34
Age and sex adjusted	1.06 (0.70 to 1.58)	0.80
Fully adjusted	0.98 (0.62 to 1.56)	0.93
Death from respiratory causes:
Crude	1.74 (0.90 to 3.34)	0.10
Age and sex adjusted	1.37 (0.70 to 2.66)	0.36
Fully adjusted	1.74 (0.82 to 3.71)	0.15
Death from gastrointestinal causes:
Crude	3.26 (1.32 to 8.06)	0.010
Age and sex adjusted	2.46 (0.98 to 6.20)	0.06
Fully adjusted	2.51 (0.89 to 7.14)	0.08
Death associated with dementia:
Crude	1.15 (0.37 to 3.63)	0.81
Age and sex adjusted	0.68 (0.21 to 2.19)	0.52
Fully adjusted†	0.69 (0.18 to 2.59)	0.58

*Hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values were derived from Cox proportional hazards models after multiple imputation of missing covariate data; hazard ratios >1 indicate higher mortality in patients with walking disability at baseline.

†Not adjusted for history of obesity, diabetes, depression, and cancer owing to collinearity.

The web appendix shows results from sensitivity analyses of all cause mortality. When we restricted the analysis to the 885 (76%) patients with radiographic osteoarthritis of a Kellgren-Lawrence grade of 2 or above, we found the associations between baseline characteristics and all cause mortality to be robust (web appendix 2). Similarly, results were mostly unaffected by a restriction of the analysis to participants with complete information (web appendix 3).

Discussion

In this large population based cohort study, we found that people with symptoms and radiographical confirmation of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee have an excess all cause mortality compared with the general population. The excess was particularly pronounced for death from cardiovascular causes and for dementia associated mortality. Predictors of excess mortality were diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer reported at baseline. Conversely, we did not find robust associations with the reported use of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, obesity, or joint replacement at baseline. The most striking finding, however, was the strong relation between excess mortality and walking disability. Our analysis suggested that the more severe the restriction in walking ability the more likely a person was to die early. Most of the excess mortality associated with walking problems was due to cardiovascular causes. We also saw a relation with deaths from gastrointestinal disorders, but the numbers were small and some of this may be explained by confounders such as total use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or alcohol consumption.

Strengths and weaknesses

The strengths of this study include the population based design of the cohort,20 21 the large number of patients with osteoarthritis included, and the long term follow-up of patients for a median of 14 years. We were able to ascertain the survival status of all patients included in our study. However, we cannot rule out residual selection bias introduced by participants refusing clinical or radiographic examination. In our analyses, we used baseline characteristics—namely, comorbidities and analgesic/anti-inflammatory consumption—that were reported by patients and information given on death certificates to derive estimates for disease specific mortality. This might have resulted in misclassifications. If misclassifications were non-differential, the observed associations are likely to be underestimates. We cannot exclude, however, that misclassifications were differential, which could bias estimates in either direction. The most important limitation of this study is the missing data for baseline covariates, which we accounted for by using multiple imputation. This procedure is based on the assumption that no unobserved characteristics exist that affect missingness.27 Results are valid only if this assumption is not violated, which is difficult to verify. As an alternative to multiple imputation, we did a sensitivity analysis restricted to patients with complete data for covariates and found similar results. A final limitation is that we were able to analyse drug use only with data collected at baseline, which are unlikely to be representative of the cumulative use of drugs over the entire study period. This is likely to explain the observed lack of evidence for an association between use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and mortality. Finally, any radiological definition of osteoarthritis may be considered arbitrary and debatable. We chose to base our definition primarily on the presence of grade 1 osteophytes as required for a Kellgren-Lawrence grade of 1 and as used previously in this study and others.24 29 When we used an alternate definition of osteoarthritis, however, we found much the same results (web appendix 2).

Context

Although the primary focus in research on osteoarthritis has been on pain and disability, some previous studies have provided evidence that mortality is increased in people with osteoarthritis.2 Previous studies had several important limitations. Three studies recruited only from hospitals or medical practices,11 12 14 one study included only women with a specific employment history,13 and another investigated patients after total knee replacement.17 Of the two population based studies, one reported prevalence and the other reported incidence but had a small sample size.12 14 16 Only three studies reported major causes of death,11 13 17 and only two studies described factors associated with an increased risk of death.13 14 16 Four studies did not adjust analyses for important prognostic factors such as smoking history or obesity.11 12 15 18 Ours is the first study to investigate patterns and causes of incident mortality in a large population based sample of people with osteoarthritis, overcoming many of the limitations of previous studies.

Explanations

Most deaths were due to cardiovascular causes, and the association between deaths from all causes and walking disability is driven largely by deaths due to cardiovascular causes. We found no evidence that cancer related deaths and deaths associated with dementia are related to increased walking disability, which suggests that other pathways are more relevant in these cases. Two main possible explanations exist for our findings. Firstly, reduced physical activity may lead to reduced protection against cardiovascular disease. Alternatively, patients with osteoarthritis may have chronic smouldering inflammation with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as increased circulating concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α, possibly as a result of ongoing tissue damage.30 31 This chronic inflammation may be causally involved in various chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, or cancer.32 We found increased rates of cardiovascular, cancer, and dementia associated deaths, which would be fully concordant with this reasoning. Wagner et al recently reported an increased risk of cancer in patients with arthroplasty compared with the general population.33 Although the authors suggested that this increase in risk may be caused by the prosthesis material, we hypothesise that arthroplasty was a mere surrogate marker for osteoarthritis, which in turn was associated with chronic inflammation and subsequent increase in the risk of cancer. A third possibility is that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a major factor in the excess mortality of people with osteoarthritis. Although our findings do not directly support this, a recently published network meta-analysis by our group indicates that this may be the case.34 Six out of seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were associated with clinically relevant twofold to fourfold increases in the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death compared with placebo.34

We found a protective effect of obesity on overall mortality in univariable analysis and—albeit statistically non-significant—in multivariable analysis. This phenomenon is known as the obesity paradox: whereas obesity itself is associated with an increased risk of developing conditions such as coronary artery disease or hypertension, once the condition is manifest, obesity seems to be protective.35 Explanations include lower vascular resistance and plasma renin activity in obese patients with an established condition that is in turn associated with cardiovascular events, compared with lean patients with the same condition.35 Alternatively, obese and non-obese patients may have different disease phenotypes resulting in better prognosis in obese patients: cardiovascular conditions that are mainly caused by obesity and associated risk factors may have a more favourable prognosis than cardiovascular conditions in non-obese patients with a strong genetic predisposition for the condition.35 The paradox was established for a range of conditions and phenotypes, including old age and rheumatoid arthritis. To our knowledge, however, we are the first to establish the obesity paradox for mortality in patients with osteoarthritis.

Implications

We believe that these data have important implications for the ways in which people presenting with osteoarthritis should be managed. If a patient has symptoms of osteoarthritis with associated walking disability, then he or she is at a clearly increased risk of premature death from cardiovascular disease. This means that healthcare professionals seeing such people should assess and consider treating all cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, and physical inactivity. We suggest that doctors should approach the management of their patients with osteoarthritis much as they would for those who present with gout—that is, by using the presenting condition as a red flag for premature cardiovascular death.36 37 38 Wagenmakers et al put forward such an approach in the context of joint replacement.39 These authors suggested that the aim of an intervention for osteoarthritis such as joint replacement should be to get people back to a level of activity that would fit with the World Health Organization’s recommendations for minimum exercise required to help prevent cardiovascular disease and developed a measurement instrument to assess such an outcome.39 Increased physical activity has been suggested to reduce the overall mortality and risk of ischaemic heart disease in men,40 41 and it is known to be of value to people with osteoarthritis in many other ways, reducing pain and depression, for example.42 43 44 45 An aggressive approach to helping people to become more active, in the face of painful osteoarthritis, thus seems fully justified.

Conclusions

In this large population based study, we found an excess mortality in people with symptoms and radiographic confirmation of osteoarthritis of the knee or hip compared with the general population, irrespective of the cause of death. The most important risk factors for all cause mortality in osteoarthritis (besides older age and male sex) were a history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer and increased walking disability. In patients with walking disability, the risk of death from cardiovascular causes was increased. We conclude that the management of patients with osteoarthritis and walking disability should focus on effective treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities and on helping people to increase their level of physical activity.

Osteoarthritis is the most common rheumatic disease in elderly people

Morbidity associated with osteoarthritis has been extensively studied, but associated mortality is less well documented

Several studies have suggested an increased risk of death in people with osteoarthritis, but many of these studies had methodological problems

Patients with osteoarthritis have an excess mortality compared with the general population

Major risk factors associated with increased mortality in osteoarthritis patients are walking disability and a history of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

Patients with osteoarthritis and walking disability are at increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes, so management of such patients should focus on effective treatment of cardiovascular risk factors