Sea cucumber-like hydroxyapatite: cation exchange membrane-assisted synthesis and its application in ultra-sensitive heavy metal detection.

Sea cucumber-like hydroxyapatite fabricated with the aid of a Nafion N-117 cation exchange membrane was applied to the detection of lead(II) and cadmium(II) in ultra-trace concentration levels. The proposed HAp-modified carbon paste electrode has significantly lower linear ranges and exhibits a larger sensitivity than those reported previously.