Treatment of heart failure in long-term dialysis patients: a reappraisal.

Heart failure is one of the most frequent cardiac complications in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and is associated strongly with a poor prognosis. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure, there are very limited therapeutic options proved to prevent and treat heart failure in dialysis patients. This limitation largely reflects the paucity of adequately powered prospective randomized clinical trials that have examined the efficacy of different therapeutic options in long-term dialysis patients with heart failure. In this article, the second in a series discussing the management of heart failure in dialysis patients, current therapeutic options for heart failure in the maintenance dialysis population are reviewed and potential novel therapeutic options are discussed.