Begging at high level simultaneously impairs growth and immune response in southern shrike (Lanius meridionalis) nestlings.

Theoretical models suggest that begging should be costly in order to be evolutionarily stable. However, evidence for such a cost is contradictory (e.g. for growth costs) or scant (e.g. for immunological costs). Here, we experimentally test the existence of both costs in southern shrike (Lanius meridionalis) nestlings. Nestlings were paired by nest of origin and similar body mass. In each pair, a nestling was forced to beg for about 30 s h(-1) , whereas the other begged for only 2 s, both nestlings receiving the same quantity of food. At the same time, the nestling response to an antigen (phytohaemagglutinin) was measured. Nestlings forced to beg for longer showed a reduction in growth rate and in immunocompetence when compared to control chicks. The two costs occurred independently of each other and were negatively correlated to time begging. These results strongly support models of honest signalling as well as scramble competition, which predict that begging should be costly in order to be evolutionarily stable.