Transplant ureter stricture following renal transplantation: surgical options.

Transplant ureteral strictures occur in about 5% of cases. If treated in an accurate and timely manner, harm to the renal transplant can be avoided. This review article presents options to avoid ureteral stenosis and elucidates various interventional strategies and their success rates, from minimally invasive to open surgical approaches. Knowledge of risk factors and interventional strategies may help to improve long-term transplant outcomes.