A high-performance liquid chromatography:chemiluminescence method for potential determination of vardenafil in dietary supplement.

A flow method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) seperation and chemiluminescence (CL) detection for sensitive vardenafil analysis in dietary supplements was developed. The vardenafil separation was achieved on a C18 column at 30°C using ethanol-H(3)PO(4) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na(2)EDTA) aqueous solution (25 : 75, v/v%) as mobile phase. The followed continuous CL detection was conducted based on the strong CL enhancement by the presence of vardenafil to luminol-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) reaction in alkaline medium. At the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, the vardenafil retention time (t(R)) was 6.4 min. Factors that affected the HPLC resolution and CL detection were studied and optimized. The calibration curve obtained for vardenafil standard was linear in concentration range of 8.0 × 10(-7) ~ 1.0 × 10(-4) mol/L. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of intraday and interday precision were less than 3.5%. The proposed method was applied to the vardenafil determination in oral liquid, wine, and capsule samples.

1. Introduction

A dietary supplement is a product, which contains a “dietary ingredient” intended to supplement the diet. In general, the natural dietary supplements for male sexual potency consist of different herbal extracts such as ginseng root, lychee seed, barbary wolfberry fruit, longan aril, and aweto. These dietary supplements could improve male sexual potency without causing danger, even when overdose occurred [1]. Recently, chemically synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors have been used to improve erectile dysfunction (ED), one of the most popularly used is vardenafil hydrochloride (Levitra), 2-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-ethyl-piperazine-1-sulfonyl)-phenyl]-5-methyl-7-propyl-3H-imidazo[5,1-f]-[1,2,4]triazin-4-one monohydrochloride, trihydrate (Figure 1). Vardenafil, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003, is a new oral, potent, highly selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor marketed for the improvement of ED in man [2]. Studies have shown that doses of vardenafil (10–40 mg) are rapidly absorbed following oral administration, reaching maximum plasma concentration in some men within 15 minutes [3]. Nevertheless, it has been proved that vardenafil poses a serious health risk [4], such as headache [5], low blood pressure [6], flushing, dyspepsia, and nasal congestion or rhinitis [7]. Thus, vardenafil could be legally obtained only with a doctor's prescription. However, some illegal dealers add vardenafil into dietary supplement products for the sake of profit. For purposes of quality control and health safety, establishing sensitive and selective methods to detect illegal vardenafil addition in dietary supplements are necessary.

Figure 1

Structure of vardenafil.

As shown in the literatures, several methods have been reported for vardenafil determination in dietary supplements such as LC-MS and GC-MS method [8], LC-ESI-MS method [1, 4], LC-ESI-MS/MS method [9], MRM-ESI-MS-MS method [10], and FTICRMS method [11]. It is noticed that all these methods are developed based on the MS detection. MS provides sensitive and reliable results, but it also implies highly sophisticated apparatus, careful control of conditions and relatively high operation cost. What is more, MS is inaccessible in most laboratories. Thus, simpler, automated and less expensive methods are still necessary.

Taking the advantages of perfect versatility and easy fluidic manipulation, flow injection (FI) has achieved great success in the development for automated analysis. The integration of FI and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has also showed the power for the complex samples analysis. Chemiluminescence (CL) detection is a highly sensitive analytical technique. CL-based technique as a means of detection for HPLC aroused the analysts interest in recent years [12, 13], although CL detection is not as universal as fluorescence detection or ultraviolet visible detection, it is more selective for fewer interfering species observed in the chromatogram [14] and sensitive for a large CL signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and wide linear working range [12]. The combination of HPLC high resolution, CL sensitive detection and FI manipulation would be one of the plausible techniques for a sensitive, precise, and facile determination of trace levels of compounds in the complex mixture of substances [13]. Recent studies witness rapid progress in HPLC-CL method, which is widely used to perform diverse qualitative and quantitative analytical problems [15-18].

Our experiments indicated that in alkaline medium the CL of luminal-K3Fe(CN)6 could be greatly enhanced by the presence of trace vardenafil. Based on above phenomenon, an automated HPLC-CL method for vardenafil determination in dietary supplements was developed. Various experiments were conducted to establish the optimum analytical conditions. The proposed method exhibited the advantages of automated operation, high analytical throughput, simple instrumentation, wide linear range, and reagent-saving and was applied to oral liquid, wine, and capsule samples analysis.

2. Experimental

2.1. Reagents and Chemicals

Ethanol and methanol were of HPLC grade. All the other reagents were of analytical reagent grade unless specified otherwise, and deionized and doubly distilled water was used throughout. Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate (purity, 99.6%) was purchased from Qiyu Biology Co., Ltd. (Xi'an, China). Luminol was obtained from Kangpei Technology Company (Xi'an, China). Other reagents including K3Fe(CN)6, H3PO4, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA), and NaOH were supplied by Xi'an Chemical Reagent Factory (Xi'an, China).

Vardenafil stock solution (5.0 × 10−3 mol/L) was prepared by ethanol and stored at −20°C in a refrigerator. Standard series from 8.0 × 10−7 ~ 1.0 × 10−4 mol/L were prepared daily by sequentially diluting stock solution with mobile phase solution. A 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L K3Fe(CN)6 stock solution was prepared by dissolving 164.6 mg of K3Fe(CN)6 in 50 mL water, and it was protected against light and stored at 4°C in a refrigerator. A 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L stock solution of luminol was prepared in 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution. Furthermore, these stock solutions were reprepared each one month.

The mobile phase consisting of ethanol and an aqueous solution containing 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L H3PO4 and 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L Na2EDTA (25 : 75, v/v%) was prepared. Mobile phase was filtered through 0.45 μm Millipore membrane of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and further degassed in an ultrasonic bath before use.

2.2. Sample Preparation

Health food samples including one herbal oral liquid, one herbal medicated wine, and one herbal capsule claimed being capable of enhancing sexual performance for men that were under suspicion of adulteration, were purchased from local drug store and market. A portion of oral liquid and wine sample were, respectively, 10-fold diluted with mobile phase solution, filtered through a 0.45 μm PTFE membrane filter (Shanghai Xinya Purifier Devices Factory, Shanghai, China) and finally degassed prior to use. For capsule sample preparation, three capsule contents were emptied and mixed sufficiently. One capsule weight powder was transferred to a 50 mL beaker, and vortically extracted with 10 mL mobile phase solution for 1 h. A portion of the extraction solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm PTFE membrane filter and diluted with mobile phase solution for further analysis.

2.3. Apparatus and Procedures

As illustrated in Figure 2, the HPLC-CL experimental setup consisted of a CL analyzer (Xi'an Remex Analyse Instrument Co., Ltd, Xi'an, China) equipped with a Hamamatsu R456 PMT (Tokyo, Japan) and a negative high voltage (NHV) generator, a planar coiled transparent PTFE flow cell, a 1.8 mL/min constant flow rate CL pump (Shanghai Instrument Electric Motor Factory, Shanghai, China), a LC-10AT liquid chromatography (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Rheodyne 7725i syringe-loading sample valve (20 μL-loop, Cotati, CA, USA), a Waters C18 column (i.d.: 4.6 mm × 150 mm, particle size: 5 μm, USA) and a DT-230A column oven (Tianjin Do-Chrom Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China). The mobile phase flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/min. The C18 column temperature was controlled at 30°C.

Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the proposed HPLC-CL integration for vardenafil analysis. a: luminol+Na2EDTA+NaOH; b: K3Fe(CN)6; PMT: photomultiplier tube; NHV: negative high voltage generator (−400 V); PC: computer; T1 and T2: three-way mixer 1 and 2.

Using the described experimental setup, HPLC pump and CL pump were started. Stream a containing 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L luminol, 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L Na2EDTA, and 1.0 mol/L NaOH and stream b containing 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L K3Fe(CN)6 delivered by CL pump merged in the T1. Then, the reagent mixture merged with mobile phase in the T2 and generated a stable CL baseline. Subsequently, when the sample valve was switched to the injection position, 20 μL standard or sample was injected into the mobile phase. Outflow vardenafil reacted with the reagent mixture and generated the enhanced CL signal in the flow cell. The CL signal was recorded as a function of time and CL intensity by the Remex Analyzer with the PMT operated at −400 V. A microcomputer equipped with Remex Software running under Windows XP was employed for data treatment. Vardenafil peak identification was carried out by the standard addition method and the retention time (t) of vardenafil. The peak height, ΔI (ΔI = I − I0, where I0 was the CL of baseline, I was the peak CL of vardenafil) was used to quantify vardenafil content by means of the related calibration equation.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. CL Reaction Selection

For vardenafil CL determination, we considered several known CL reactions including alkaline luminol-H2O2, alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6, alkaline luminol-KIO4, acidic KMnO4, acidic KMnO4-HCHO, acidic KMnO4-Na2SO4, and NaClO-NaOH. To prevent the possible interference from metal ions, 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L Na2EDTA was used in all luminol concerned reactions. Experimental results indicated that alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 reaction contributed the strongest CL response to 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L vardenafil presence. Therefore, alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 CL reaction was selected for subsequent investigations.

3.2. Kinetic Curve

The kinetic curve of the alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6-vardenafil CL reaction was studied with a static injection method. Alkaline luminal and K3Fe(CN)6 solution were mixed in the beaker placed in front of the PMT window. After a stable baseline was obtained, 1.0 mL 1.0 × 10−4 mol/L vardenafil standard was injected into the beaker by a syringe. The kinetic curve recorded as a function of time and CL intensity, and it could be concluded that vardenafil greatly enhanced luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 CL, which reached a maximum within 1.5 s. Thus, the studied CL reaction was a fast reaction. As a result, the T2 was placed as near as possible to the flow cell inside the dark box as shown in Figure 2.

3.3. Optimization of HPLC-CL System

To obtain the sensitive and fast vardenafil detection with the described HPLC-CL system, a series of experiments were conducted to establish optimum analytical performance. 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L vardenafil standard was used in all optimization experiments. Both mobile phase and luminol solution contained 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L Na2EDTA. Luminol and K3Fe(CN)6 flow rates were controlled at 1.8 mL/min, respectively. Experimental optimum analytical performances were selected based on the biggest CL S/N values and on the average of three injections for each test when the relative standard deviation (RSD) of each test point was less than 5.0%, unless specified otherwise.

3.4. HPLC Optimization

For HPLC-CL analysis, the mobile phase should be, not only suitable for vardenafil separation in complex matrix but also compatible with CL detection. Acetonitrile-acidic aqueous buffer [1, 4, 11, 19] and methanol-acidic aqueous buffer [8, 20] were the most commonly used mobile phases for vardenafil separations on C18 column. When investigating the compatibility of acetonitrile with CL detection, it was found that acetonitrile brought about very high CL background. This high background went against the sensitive vardenafil detection. Similar experiments showed that when methanol and ethanol were used, relatively low CL backgrounds and smooth baselines could be obtained. Thus, methanol and ethanol were selected to constitute the mobile phases for the posterior study.

The effect of organic phase volume percentage (v/v%, organic phase volume/organic + aqueous phase volume) on t, S/N value and column pressure (P), were investigated in the range of 40%–60% methanol and 20%–30% ethanol, respectively. Observing the experimental results listed in Table 1, it could be concluded that the higher the v/v%, the shorter the t, and 30% ethanol contributed the biggest S/N value. However, 30% ethanol also caused relatively high P. Thereupon, as a compromise among the bigger S/N value, shorter t and suitable P, 25% ethanol was chosen in subsequent experiments.

Table 1

The effect of v/v% of methanol and ethanol on t, S/N and P.

v/v%	20a	25a	30a	40b	45b	50b	55b	60b
tR (min)	13.2	6.4	3.8	10.0	5.4	3.1	2.8	2.1
S/N	7.1	8.3	10.0	3.1	6.1	5.2	4.9	3.9
P (Mpa)	9.8	12.3	16.1	10.8	11.1	10.3	10.0	10.3

aEthanol

bMethanol

A number of organic or inorganic acids were employed to constitute mobile phase to improve vardenafil separation [1, 4, 8, 11, 19, 20]. It was known that the selected CL reaction was an oxidative-reductive reaction. Considering the possible reaction between organic acid and CL reagents, inorganic acid was considered to be more suitable for CL detection. Experiment indicated that H3PO4 could effectively suppress the peak-tailing, and a relatively narrow and symmetric chromatographic peak could be achieved (Figure 3). What is more, as expected, the t was shortened. With respect to obtaining the biggest CL S/N value, the optimum H3PO4 concentration was investigated by varying its concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−4 ~ 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L. Experiments showed that S/N value increased with H3PO4 concentration increasing. When H3PO4 concentration was 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L, the pH of mobile phase was about 2.0, the biggest S/N value was obtained. According to the column supplier's suggestion, H3PO4 concentration higher than 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L was not tested. As a result, 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L H3PO4 concentration was employed as the optimum.

Figure 3

Vardenafil chromatograms with (A) and without (B) H3PO4 in mobile phase. Mobile phase contained 25% ethanol and 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L Na2EDTA.

As could be seen the experimental results summarized in Table 2, by varying the flow rate from 0.3 to 0.9 mL/min, the effect of mobile phase flow rate upon CL detection was investigated. It was found that the higher the mobile phase flow rate, the shorter the t and the higher the P. Lastly, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min was chosen as a compromise between the biggest S/N value and relatively shorter t.

Table 2

The effect of mobile phase flow rate on t, S/N and P.

flow rate (mL/min)	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.9
tR (min)	17.2	10.4	7.4	6.4	5.8
S/N	5.0	6.1	7.0	8.3	5.6
P (Mpa)	4.2	7.3	10.0	12.3	13.8

3.5. CL Optimization

As was well known, the alkaline medium was necessary for luminal-K3Fe(CN)6 reaction. In our experiments, NaOH was selected to constitute the alkaline reaction medium. The effect of NaOH concentration on the CL detection was examined in the range of 0.2~1.3 mol/L. Experiments showed that the S/N value increased with the NaOH concentration increasing, and a leveling off could be found when the NaOH concentration was higher than 1.0 mol/L. Sequent experiments were performed using 1.0 mol/L NaOH.

The effect of luminol concentration on CL detection was evaluated in the range of 1.0 × 10−6 ~ 1.3 × 10−5 mol/L. It was found that the S/N value increased with luminol concentration increasing and reached maximum at 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L, whereas the S/N values decreased with further luminol concentration increasing. Consequently, 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L luminol concentration was selected.

As an oxidant of CL reaction, K3Fe(CN)6 affected the CL signal directly. The effect of K3Fe(CN)6 concentration on CL detection was assessed in the range of 1.0 × 10−6 ~ 3.0 × 10−5 mol/L. It was found that the S/N value increased with K3Fe(CN)6 concentration increasing in the range of 1.0 × 10−6 ~ 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L. Higher K3Fe(CN)6 concentration resulted in a decrease of S/N value. Based on above results, 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L K3Fe(CN)6 was selected.

3.6. Analytical Characteristics

A series of standard solutions (1.0 × 10−7 ~ 3.0 × 10−4 mol/L) was used to determine the analytical figures of merit under the optimum conditions. Experiments showed that ΔI to vardenafil concentration (C) was linear in the range of 8.0 × 10−7 ~ 1.0 × 10−4 mol/L with the regression equation of ΔI = 3.17C + 9.91 (C: 10−6 mol/L, n = 5, r = 0.9980) and the detection limit was 5 × 10−7 mol/L (3σ). The reproducibility was investigated by injecting 2.0 × 10−5 mol/L vardenafil standard for 11 times, which was demonstrated by the RSD. The result indicated that the RSD was 3.6%. Intraday and inter-day precisions of the described method were examined using the oral liquid sample spiked with 2.0 × 10−5 mol/L standard. The intraday precision, defined as the RSD of 5 times determinations to the same sample within one day, five injections one time, was less than 3.5%. The inter-day precision, defined as the RSD of five days determinations to the same sample, 5 injections one day, was less than 2.3%. It was concluded that the described HPLC-CL method presented relatively good precision.

3.7. Application

Following the procedures detailed in the experimental section, the proposed HPLC-CL method was applied to determine vardenafil in oral liquid, wine, and capsule samples. The original and vardenafil standard spiked chromatograms of oral liquid, wine, and capsule were shown in Figure 4. It could be seen from Figure 4 that vardenafil was not detected in all three samples and there was no interfering from the endogenous substances at the t of vardenafil. It was noticed that the t of vardenafil was 6.4 min, which was much shorter than the t reported in relative literatures [1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 19]. This shorter t also implied the time and mobile phase saving.

Figure 4

Original (O) and 2.0 × 10−5 mol/L vardenafil standard spiked (S) oral liquid, wine, and capsule chromatograms under the optimum conditions.

To evaluate the applicability of the proposed HPLC-CL method for the determination of vardenafil in oral liquid, wine, and capsule, recovery experiments were performed. These experiments were conducted by spiking 3 levels of vardenafil content into oral liquid and wine and adding identical levels of vardenafil content into capsule as shown in Table 3. The recovery percentages were estimated by comparing the concentrations detected from spiked samples with the nominal concentrations added. From experimental results summarized in Table 3, it was concluded that the proposed method afforded good precision and accuracy when applied to oral liquid, wine, and capsule samples.

Table 3

Oral liquid, wine, and capsule vardenafil analysis and recovery tests results.

Sample Lot No.	Vardenafil	Added 10−5 mol/L	Found 10−5 mol/L	RSDc%	Recoveryc%
Oral liquid 22070818	NDa	2.0	1.93	2.2	96.5
		3.0	2.89	4.2	96.3
		4.0	4.27	1.5	106.8
Wine 37263579	NDa	2.0	2.11	4.3	105.5
		3.0	2.96	0.1	98.7
		4.0	3.82	1.5	95.5
Capsule 071518	NDa	29.0b	28.81b	5.3	99.3
		58.0b	58.31b	4.6	100.5

aNot Detected

bmg/tablelet

cn = 5

4. Conclusions

We had carried out the automated HPLC-CL method on vardenafil determination in oral liquid, wine, and capsule samples. Based on the obtained experimental results, the following conclusions could be drawn. A new mobile phase that is composed of 25% ethanol and 75% aqueous was found to be nontoxic, environment friendly, and compatible with the alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 CL detection. The short t contributed high analytical throughput and reagents saving. Relatively good accuracy, precision were obtained as anticipated. The detection limit was acceptable and the linear calibration range was wide. Furthermore, the CL detector was cheap, simple and no sophisticated technique required. In a word, our proposed method might be adopted as an alternative method for vardenafil determination of in dietary supplement.